A Brief Note On The Industrial Revolution During The 19th...

(Daimyo) Daimyo is a term to describe a great warlord in japan. These people given this term were wealthy landowners and powerful warlords. They used this power to employ Samurais to serve them. With them under their control they were able to control great amounts of land through the Japanese empire. Their farms were taken care of by their peasants. Although civil was very common among the Daimyo and in the 1500s it proved to show itself in a prolonged war. (Isolationism) During which of 1543-1616 Tokugawa Ieyasu isolated the island. In 1614 he dealt with the idea of Christianity he made it illegal. He deported all of the priest off the island. His grandson actually made it forbidden for any Japanese people from leaving the country as well as coming back to the country. He also made it forbidden for any western missionaries from coming back into the country as well. (Industrial revolution) The industrial revolution started in Britain in the 18th century. The biggest deal with this is knowing that during this time the use of machines for the purpose of labor is now beginning to be more widespread. Although before this took place machine labor did take place but not in a significant amount. Because of the industrial revolution the amount of farm labor changed as more people were moving to a more â€Å"modern† way of business. During this time transportation took a jump in production. Ships were able to get to their destination much quicker. Having the industrial revolution takeShow MoreRelatedA Brief Note On The Industrial Revolution During The 19th Century1812 Words   |  8 PagesChanging 12, 14, and even 16 hour workdays to only eight hours was major decision that had to be made in the 19th century. Since the Industrial Revolution changed the way many people worked, working longer hours in factories involved having to work in harsh conditions, causing illness and disease. This was hard because laborers worked long hours with very small chances of an advancement. Because of this, many workers resorted to strikes or stopping until their demands were met, but ended up givingRead MoreHr Assignement1023 Words   |  5 PagesINTRODUCTION A Brief History Human Resource Management (HRM) is the effective management of people at work. It examines what can or should be done to make working people more productive. HRM can be traced back to England where masons, carpenters, leather workers and other craftspeople organized themselves into guilds. They used their unity to improve work conditions. The human resource field further developed with the arrival of the Industrial revolution in the latter part of the 18th century, whichRead MoreThe Contributions Of Science And Science3124 Words   |  13 PagesAs a contemporary writer observing the timeline of modern science, and all the abridgments made to it over the past few centuries, one cannot help but ponder upon the course that science took to reach what it is today. We are aware of the pioneers of science such as Newton, Lavoisier, Stahl, Joule, Maxwell, Einstein etc, and all of the groundbreaking contributions these extraordinary individuals made to mould science into what we today know it to be. Over the course of History of Science, we haveRead MoreThe United States is a Nation of Immigrants Essays1658 Words   |  7 Pagesearly 17th century, a group of Pilgrims sailed to our shores in search of religious freedom. In the years to follow, many more immigrants came to colonial America. These settlers from England coloni zed the northeast, settling in rich, fertile areas and along the rivers and coastal plains to the south. They soon developed an economy based on the cultivation of tobacco and other crops for export back to Europe. Their dedication and hard work paved the way for our nation to be born. During the 1600sRead MoreEssay Ethical Dilemmas in Psychology1786 Words   |  8 Pagesresults (Greenwood, 2009). Bacon projected that many great things might come out of this empirical approach, but what has ensued in the centuries that followed, Bacon and others might not have predicted. Since Bacon and others pushed for a more empirical approach, numerous discoveries have been made. During this scientific revolution throughout the 16th century was categorized with big advances such as the making of new lenses by Galileo, Kepler and Huygens leading to new information about theRead More Ernesto Che Guevara Essay2680 Words   |  11 Pagesleft Cuba in 1966 with the hope of fomenting revolutions in other countries, first in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and later in Bolivia, where he was captured in a CIA-organized military operation. The CIA wanted to keep him alive for interrogation, but he was executed by the Bolivian army. After his death, Guevara became a hero of Third World socialist revolutionary movements, as a theorist and tactician of asymmetric warfare. 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As a painter of nudes, Boucher had no equal in his generation. Painter Franà §ois Boucher (1703-1770) was an important French artist who created works in the Rococo style. He was inspired by several sources, ranging fromRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Great Power Politics3518 Words   |  15 Pagesin power, and subsequent reactions by the US, are based on his theory Offensive Realism, which is used to predict China’s future actions. The rise of powers, and the reactions of other powers, is historically analyzed, beginning in the late 18th century, all the way to modern times. These analyzes each attempt to support his overall claim that China will rise through non-peaceful means, and shows significant support with historical examples. While the theory often meets an exception when the usualRead MoreAnalysis Of Automation And The Future Of The Auto Transportation Industry2059 Words   |  9 Pagescivilization began to use forging techniques and experimenting with different metals. This advancement continued into the 19th century when Europe and the United States went through the industrial revolution. The last revolution we went through was the computer revolution. Since computers have become more and more prevalent since their earliest forms in the early 20th century, they have taken over the world. Increasingly since their implementation, they have been used in every possible industry the

Essay about Exploring Different Styles of Popular Music

Exploring Different Styles of Popular Music In this project, I aim to explore the different styles of popular music that have been successful from the 1960s to the present in Spain, why they have been popular, where they originated from, their history and what the music is actually like. To find out a type of musics origins, it is sometimes helpful to know where the country is to find out where influences could have come from, and even a certain amount about the countrys history. So here is a map of Spain in context with part of its neighbouring countries. [IMAGE] Chapter 1RockMusicMany people have listened to the music included in this project, as it spans more than two generations. It†¦show more content†¦It has also been used for most types of social events; especially those organised by or planned with young people in mind. Because Spanish popular music can be divided into many categories (the main ones being pop and rock, but each of these having many subcategories which will be explored later in the project), and the fact that each of these categories has a particular type of style and mood, each type of Spanish popular music has been used for different types of events, depending on the mood that the particular style, or individual song sets. Radio and other forms of media have contributed greatly to the spread and popularity of Spanish rock and pop since 1960, the main radio station having been Los Cuarenta Principales. Increased airplay meant that pop and rock music became more widespread, finally dominating the traditional Spanish flamenco music in popularity in the late 1950s. As popularity increased, many more bands were formed, which meant that this form of music developed and many styles developed that broke away from the traditional pop of the early 1960s. Much of early Spanish rock and pop was greatly influenced by traditional flamenco. However, it progressedShow MoreRelatedThe Elizabethan Era 1663 Words   |  7 Pagesnobler in mind to suffer†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . Music, poetry, and plays were important parts of entertainment during the Elizabethan era. Musicians composed new types of music, poets expressed their feeling through poetry, and playwrights wrote plays of different types of genres. Social classes and gender roles also contributed to the entertainment culture. During the Elizabethan era, people were entertained by sources of entertainment, such as plays, music, and poetry. Music was one of the many sources ofRead MoreThe History Of Western Music1381 Words   |  6 PagesThe History of Western Music Throughout history all cultures have been influenced by music. Before the Baroque era in music there were many forms of western music. Most of this music was monophonic, sung in chant used mostly for religious purposes. During the previous millennia most music was sung in chant form with very little accompaniment, save a harp or a violin. In these times music was a simple art, sung by the people to praise the Lord. Eventually polyphonic music developed, first startingRead MoreRagtime And Blues : The History And Their Influence On Jazz1581 Words   |  7 Pagesclubs and from weddings to funerals, one element usually remained constant throughout all these events: the music that permeated the air. At most of these occasions, a band often performed as entertainment, providing many opportunities for musicians in the area to work. By the early 20th century, due to various factors such as mix of ethnicities and cultures with syncopated musical styles influenced by African-American traditio ns, the increase in non-reading musicians improvising melodies, and simplyRead MoreMusic : The Causes And Effects Of Modern Popular Music1259 Words   |  6 PagesMusic of this generation has been thought to be worse than other generations. There is always the argument that music has gotten worse, and both sides have equally strong evidence. Modern popular music has gotten worse, and that has always been the case, however there are a plethora of other genres and styles of music that still carry that authenticity and creativeness that we’re missing. Most of the reason for lack of creativity in music is corporate greed. Large companies like to release less inspiredRead MoreHip Hop Nationalism Essay examples944 Words   |  4 Pageshop is a form of art that has been popular for the past twenty years. Although people in recent years often mistake rap music as vulgar and ill-mannered, the hip hop community continues to provide a great way to channel emotion and soul into their m usic. In his article, â€Å"The State of Rap: Time and Place† Jeffrey Louis Decker illustrates the black nationalism within the hip hop community by exploring how Black Nationalism can be accounted for within the hip hop music. Before hip hop was introducedRead MoreJohn Coltrane Essay1579 Words   |  7 PagesJohn Coltrane John Coltrane Jazz, taking its roots in African American folk music, has evolved, metamorphosed, and transposed itself over the last century to become a truly American art form. More than any other type of music, it places special emphasis on innovative individual interpretation. Instead of relying on a written score, the musician improvises. For each specific period or style through which jazz has gone through over the past seventy years, there is almost always a single personRead MoreEnlightenment And The Enlightenment Movement In The 18th Century975 Words   |  4 Pagescentury and 18th century arts, music, and architectures. Therefore, the question arise, how enlightenment revolution refined artists, musicians, and architects ideologies? Since, enlightenment create people have individual rights. Hight class people no longer suppressed by monarch or church, and emphasis on learning, arts, science, and music became widespread to middle class. Because of the growing middle class, p eople could more creative and professional by exploring subject and lead to today’s cultureRead MoreRap Music : Influence On Violent Behavior1379 Words   |  6 PagesRAP MUSIC’S INFLUENCE ON VIOLENT BEHAVIOR IN AFRICAN AMERICAN MALES: A REVIEW Kaland Farrow Alabama Agricultural and Mechanical University  RAP MUSIC’S INFLUENCE ON VIOLENT BEHAVIOR IN AFRICAN AMERICAN MALES: A REVIEW Rap music is derived from Hip Hop culture which is deeply rooted in the African American community. The word, rap, has a Middle English origin. Originally, rap means to beat or strike. Beginning in the 1960s, African Americans gave the word another definition. In the black communityRead MoreMinistry of Sound Case Study Essay1112 Words   |  5 Pagesdevelopment or accelerated it is up for analysis. During the early stages logistically they had to deal with the issue of the clubs location being in a high crime rate borough of Southwark situated in Elephant Castle. Also with â€Å"Acid House† derived music, the nightclub inherited the underground rave culture that is synonymous with the designer drugs of the 90’s such as ecstasy. The national drug offences crime rate is at 4.5 were as Southwark council is 18.6 far exceeding national average, this isRead MoreA Short Note On The Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1278 Words   |  6 Pagesnatural process and transfor mation of other type of content (Martin, 2011). It is also called referencing an original idea that has previously been produced. In essence, it is to take an original work of art and turn it into a whole new idea or artistic style. The following essay will explore of how intertextuality is used in Baz Lurhmann’s â€Å"The Great Gatsby†. â€Å"The Great Gatsby† movie is based on a well-known book by F. Scott Fitzgerald’s, a well-known author that wrote American fiction. Maurer wrote

Warriors Don’t Cry by Melba Patillo Beals Free Essays

The Novel, Warriors Don’t Cry by Melba Patillo Beals, touch basis on African American teenagers in 1957; being the first ever to be integrated in to an all white high school. Melba the leader of the fight for justice in the school system was twelve years old, the Supreme Court ruled that separate schools for whites was illegal, a ruling called the Brown Vs. Broward of Education of Topeka, Kansas. We will write a custom essay sample on Warriors Don’t Cry by Melba Patillo Beals or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the year after the ruling, Melba sees very little change in segregation. Melba is still at an all black high school, but she and sixteen other black students sign up to attend the white school in Little Rock , Central High School. It then narrowed down nine because the others even couldn’t handle the violent threats. Every day they would get dropped off to Central High School it would be a mob of whites standing behind barricades shouting out racist slurs. For instance, â€Å"Niggers go back to Africa† or â€Å"We don’t want your dumb asses here†. Those hatred words meant absolutely nothing because Melba and her friends stood their ground even if it meant getting scolded with steaming water in the locker room showers or getting their books knocked out of their hands. They have changed the way blacks are being treated today in society and now we have better opportunities when it comes down to education. Just from reading this novel made me think back on my life as an African American living in a suburban area whereas whites were the only ones walking the streets. When we rode up in our fancy all black Cadillac Escalade followed by three U-Haul trucks in Sunrise, Fl, I’ll never forget how the whole neighborhood came outside hands over face waiting to see what was going to step out of that tinted SUV. My heart as well my family’s, popped out our chest just because we had got the vibe that the welcome we get won’t be sunny side up. As we pulled up to this beige two story home, picket fence, huge pool with a Jacuzzi, fresh smelling green grass my eyes were in amazement. Back where I came from in Opalocka, Fl, our grass was nowhere near that color and we surely didn’t have pools because most blacks don’t know how to swim so you will rarely see those. Finally, we opened our doors together hoping it goes well and to our amazement, everyone grabbed their kids in terror and ran inside their homes. I couldn’t understand why blacks can’t be welcomed as human versus criminals. Next thing we know, police were racing down the street and our next door neighbor ran outside screaming and pointing our way saying, â€Å"That’s them! Those niggers are intruding! † My older sister, Chaunte and I cried and cried because we thought that once Martin Luther King Jr. made those changes everything would be normal. The police grabbed my mom and dad and asked what’s going on. One fat, smelly, white policeman stepped out of the car with a gun and asked, â€Å"How did you people afford a house here? Are you drug dealers? † Who in God’s name gave whites the permission to determine whether or not blacks have decent jobs; my parents together make a larger salary than they ever will. He then spits on our drive way and exclaimed, â€Å"You niggers better what your backs! † My mom being so religious scooped us up inside the house and we all prayed together. While my dad handles all the household work, my mom took us down to this all white school in Coconut Grove named Carrolton. Where we derived from was an all black community meaning all black schools, so this I knew would be a drastic adjustment. My mom didn’t believe in nothing but the best education for her kids so we were going to attend that school like it or not. The next day we started school and it was nothing dreamy. It seemed like were the game pieces on a board game just getting played with. Once my mom disappeared out of sight, everyone threw their lunches on us and pulled our ponytails, screaming, and â€Å"Go back to the projects! † it hurt my heart because they didn’t even give us a chance, but we did fight back that’s what my mom brought us up to do. The bell rung and everyone scattered to class, leaving my sister and I outside crying while we try to make ourselves presentable again. We finally walked inside going our separate ways and as I walk up Ms. Miller’s second grade class I inhale a deep gulp of air. Tempting to place my hands on the door knob I finally walk in, and looking over at my teacher whom obviously didn’t want me there either because she didn’t even bother to greet me but instead just rolled her eyes and continued writing the assignments on the chalk board. All the white kids giving me this deep hatred stare, following me as I walk to an empty desk of course to the back of the classroom. As I go sit down I noticed that they took out all the screws out the seat and carved in the desk lots of racist words like: Nigger, Kunt, Cotton picker, African, and Nappy head. It was rough but look at where I am today, a predominately white college and doing well. To sum all up, I respect Melba for standing up for what’s right. No young girl/boy should have to be a warrior but able to cling to the innocence that’s been slipping away throughout the year. Having accepted the role of a warrior for integration, Melba finds that she can’t put it aside so easily. She learns that being a warrior means more than just venturing into new and hostile territory. It also means leaving behind friends whom doesn’t believe in fighting for their ethnicity but just settling for whatever the white man says is right. The struggle entails more than one persons desire to go to a better high school or eat at a better diner or ride in the front of the bus. Melba’s struggle is a quest to improve the lives of black people all over the country. Melba’s participation in this quest is why her grandmother calls her one of God’s warriors. Myself as a black female learned a valuable lesson from just reading this novel that it can be changes made of only you take the time to speak up and never back down from it because of the obstacles you are likely to face. How to cite Warriors Don’t Cry by Melba Patillo Beals, Essay examples

Managing People Negotiation

Question: Identifying and discussing the key skills that a line manager needs to be able to conduct effective negotiation. Answer: Introduction: Negotiation is a term that is widely in use nowadays. Usage of this word in certain environment depicts certain techniques those can never be completed without the manager on the other hand employees must be able to negotiate effectively. Any of the organizations runs on the basis of their employees skill and their performance. From those most required communication skill to negotiation skill, most of the organizations want to sharpen their employees skill to bring out best performance across the organization. Even authorities as well as the employees need to understand the negotiation skill of their employees such as the careful moves with the other parties can ensure a good deal by increasing the employee productivity. Critical analysis: There are numbers of precious definition on the negotiation have been given by so many authors, for example Richard Shell have mentioned that an interactive communication process take place whenever a person or a group of person ask for something form us or we ask for something form others (Aldhizer, III, 2015). There are four stages have been defined by Richard, those are- Preparation: When it comes the turn for preparation, it basically has the clear needs of ideas and plans to execute the important points. One of the means for effective communication is to become able to express the needs and thoughts clearly in front of other parties. Exchanging information: The information what can be presented in front of others, needed to be well researched and need to be communicated or need those information to be circulated effectively. The best way to understand the negotiator is to look at the deals form negotiators point of view (Walsh, 2015). Bargaining: The bargaining phase can be stated as most important as other 3 phase of negotiation. This the phase is the place where both of the parties get involved and learn to compromise on different aspects and to come to a final conclusion. Closing and commitment: This final stage is needed to understand the last few adjustment those are needed and what other important points those are required to understand different parties those are involved. On the other hand, as a final stage it is required to understand key requirements to establish the trust among several involved parties, hence, it will become possible to understand the requirement to fulfil their role in business (Dygert and Van Rennes, 2015). Negotiation skills are required for everyone in the organization to understand the other parties need by facing them internally and externally on the other hand negotiation act more than the tradition of buying selling approach within the organization. There are numbers of reasons are there to go for the negotiation, for example increment in budget allocation, service delivery specification, human resource allocation, project deadlines (Intense School, 2014). There are numbers of noteworthy cases are there which depicts the impacts of negotiation within the organization. Project North East on the other hand buys old buildings; fragment those building into smaller unit. The person who manages all of the actitivities and negotiates as per the requirement has become the excellent negotiator (Trainanddevelop.co.uk, 2015). That person assesses those old buildings with utmost care and determines how much capital must be required to renovate and to transform it as per the trends. Then he make calculation that a PNE can easily afford to pay and he imposes some offers on the calculate amount. That that person who was buyer, renovator and transformer once, becomes the negotiators but never goes beyond the original calculation as he stays aware about the fact he can lose money. If the vendor is happy then by selling the PNE then everyone else become happy. If that vendor do make it happen better then its fine too (Ramping up your skills for cross-cu ltural negotiation, 2010). Hence, is can be easily depicted that there are three steps to have a successful negotiation: My own business objectives. Other persons objective or viewpoints. Basis for negotiation. Conclusion: In negotiation it is highly required to discover whether there is any kind of possibility that I am able to reach up to a satisfactory level of agreement with other parties, whether my requirements as well as other parties requirements are getting satisfied or not. For example a seller will look for the opportunities to maximize the sale price, as he cannot go below the actual price level. On the other hand buyers will also look for the opportunity to minimise the purchase price though purchase price can be maximised up to a level above which it is not possible to buy or to make agreements. References Aldhizer, III, G. (2015). Small Firm Audit Partner Hiring Crisis: A Role Play for Critical Thinking and Negotiation Skills. Issues in Accounting Education, p.150327130035002. Dygert, C. and Van Rennes, R. (2015). Building Your Licensing and Negotiation Skills Toolkit. The Serials Librarian, 68(1-4), pp.17-25. Intense School, (2014). Effective Negotiation Skills In Project Management - Intense School. [online] Available at: https://resources.intenseschool.com/effective-negotiation-skills-in-project-management/ [Accessed 29 Jun. 2015]. Ramping up your skills for cross-cultural negotiation. (2010). Leader to Leader, 2010(56), pp.60-61. Trainanddevelop.co.uk, (2015). Negotiation Skills for Managers. [online] Available at: https://www.trainanddevelop.co.uk/courses/negotiation-skills-for-managers-c32 [Accessed 29 Jun. 2015]. Walsh, K. (2015). Negotiation Skills for Medical Educators. Journal of Graduate Medical Education, 7(1), pp.12-13.

The Republic Of Plato Essays - Socratic Dialogues,

The Republic Of Plato In my opinion, Socrates analysis of human nature is very true as it ultimately brings us his definition of justice. I agree with his theory of human nature but not his social-political theory. In order to understand Platos theory of human nature and his social-political theory, we must examine each one of them closely. Plato believed that no one is self-sufficient enough to live individually. Human beings are not created equally; some of us are born wiser then the rest and some of us are just born stronger. Which I find to be very contradicting since argues that men and women should be educated the same. For this reason, only the select few (which would be the guardians) among society are supposed to know what is best for the society and therefore becomes the ruler of everyone else. Our reasoning, spirit, and natural wants are all part of human nature. In book 1 of The Republic, Plato had several detailed discussions on the nature of justice with other speakers in a dialogue form. From the rich old man, Cephalus, we learn that justice involves telling the truth and repaying ones debts. However, Socrates points out that this definition of justice is inadequate because it cannot account for the instances of certain circumstances. The simple example of returning a borrowed weapon to an insane friend who demands the return of his weapon, would be an instance of following the rule but would not seem to be just. Then Polemarchus, Cephaluss son attempts to define justice by proposing that justice means one should pay what is owed. Not returning or refusing to return the borrowed weapon would clearly benefit ones friend. Socrates said that harming our enemies is only likely to make them even more unjust than they already are and cause them to make more unjust choices. After that, Thrasymachus came up with his own definition of justice whic h is nothing more than the advantage of the stronger; those in positions of power use law to decide what is right. The kind of justice practiced anywhere depends on the type of government they have in power. Socrates does not disagree with this view if the facts about the society are as Thrasymachus says they are, however, he argues that sometimes rulers make mistakes. In that case obedience to the law maybe leads to its own disadvantage, therefore Thrasymachuss definition is also inadequate. Furthermore, Socrates says that the best ruler must always know how to rule. They should rule for the art of ruling, but not their own interest alone. Later, Glaucon suggests that human beings, given an opportunity to do injustice without being caught and therefore without suffering any punishment or loss of good reputation, would naturally choose a life of injustice, in order to maximize their own interests. Glaucons definition of justice is that its an equal contract, an approach between what is the best (doing injustice without paying the penalty) and the worse (suffering injustice without being able to avenge one self). Adieamantus narrows the discussion further by pointing out that to have a good reputation of justice is more important than justice is itself, whether or not that person really does have a good reputation of justice. In an attempt to provide an adequate, satisfying definition of justice, Socrates tries to make an analogy between the justice of individual human bei ngs and of an entire society or city. Since the crucial elements of justice may be easier to observe on the larger scale like a city than on a smaller scale like an individual. Socrates focuses on the perfect city, because the city will represent the human soul. Socrates began with a detailed analysis of the formation, structure, and organization of this ideal city. He argues that since individual human beings are not self-sufficient; no one working alone can acquire all of the necessities of life by themselves. In order to resolve this difficulty, we gather together into society for the mutual achievement of our common goals. If each of us specializes in the practice of a specific art, we can work more efficiently. To make this ideal city healthy (opposite of a feverish city), Socrates states

Essay Sample on the Tragedy of the Commons Is It Inevitable

Essay Sample on the Tragedy of the Commons Is It Inevitable This is a situation in which a few individuals try to reap the greatest benefit from a given situation neglecting the well being of the society. In our society today there are several tragedies of the commons as described by Garrett Hardin. One of the most popular is the ever increasing population and the resources are still the same. The current world population is estimated at seven billion. All these people need resources like air, water and food to eat which are among the most essential needs to any human being. The only problem is even with the increase in population these resources have not changed but have actually been polluted as for the case of the air and water (Ostrom et al 56). As a result some individuals in government top positions have taken advantage of the positions and neglected the common man. They have set up industries which are emitting harmful gases into the environment making the air to be polluted. As a result of the mining of oil which at times is done at sea, has spilled to the ocean as a result of negligence. Also the common people at times don’t really mind about themselves, especially those involved in the fishing industry, they tend to carry out their fishing activities thought the year thus not giving time for the young fish to grow and in the end they end up being depleted and no fish at all to anyone. Garrett Hardin did a study of this and he found out that technical solutions to this problems and that the tragedy is inevitable. So he defined a technical solution as one that requires verly little or no change. That is the only solution is privatizing the activities since if left to the commoners, they will not be able to take control (Hardin 32). Milton Friedman and Elinor Ostrom are some of the scholars who opposed the tragedy of the commons by Garrett Hardin by proving that the common people can be responsible of the resources available, other than privatization. In her case Ostrom has documented how various communities manage common resources, irrigation waters, fisheries equitably and sustainably over the long term.Milton Friedman advocated for unrestricted markets where there is freedom for the common people. These two scholars would offer different solutions to the population problem, instead of trying to fight the increasing population they would embrace it and look for solutions which would even work in future thus saving time which would have been spent to look for further solutions(Hardin 34). In my opinion, Ellinor Ostom’s approach would work because this makes every person responsible for each and ever action one makes and he or she is responsible of the outcome of their deeds .If the privatization continues, the common people tend to be rebellious to authority and will continually oppose and feel degraded. Another solution would be giving the people full responsibility but set rules and regulations so that whoever breaks them is punished so as to protect the majority. In conclusion the tragedy of the commons should be one issue which is discussed in a wider perspective because it affects all the stakeholders involved and eventually we are the people who suffer the consequences.

Essay Exam Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Exam - Essay Example We can be seen holding colourful umbrellas, spades, buckets and even a soft toy. This helps to display the level of innocence that each one of us had at that time. The four girls in the picture seem to be telling a story about the love and affection that there was among the four of them back then, as compared to now due to leading different lives in different parts of the world. In the background of the photo, the sea can be seen as swirling and meandering; the waves are moderate in size and appear to be lazing around under the hot sun. There is a man selling ice creams in the far background, with children gathered all around him, waiting for their turn to lick the lollies. Clouds can be seen floating in the distance above the warmth that the sea seems to be emanating through the photograph. The smiles on the faces of the four young girls are approximately equal to the genuine happiness with which they have tried to build a sandcastle, which can be seen to the right of the photograph . A group of friends are playing with a Frisbee behind the girls, and there is a young man caught in action, jumping to catch the Frisbee while two young women are laughing and having a good time. The beach is a place for relaxation and frolic and these feelings can easily be transformed from the picture to the person looking at it and helps him or her feel the warmth. A young woman can be seen sunbathing in the distance under the hot sun, reading a book and enjoying her leisure time. All the people present in the picture are clad in bathing suits and swimming trunks of different colours, giving the picture more depth and a feeling of youth. If one looks at the picture closely he may also be able to observe an old couple dipping their feet in the comforting water of the sea in the far distance, behind one of the cousins in the photograph. Even the old couple seem to be smiling and feeling young as they enjoy their days together; thus, one may observe a large amount of warmth and lov e in the photograph, and I often look at it in order to make myself feel happy. The four main girls (cousins) in the photo are holding each other’s hands; one of them is holding a bucket full of sand and the other a spade with which it is evident that the sandcastle was being made. The girl with the soft toy is the youngest of them all, clutching her teddy bear for security as joys as well as a hint of fear of the waves envelopes her mind. But her sisters seem to assure her by holding her around her waist and helping her understand the importance of happiness. The fourth girl is holding a colourful sun hat and a ball, not wanting to wear her hat shows her excitement of running and jumping around and the ball helps the viewers to understand the feeling of freshness and youth that comes with the joy of playing in the sun. In conclusion, the four sisters are a burst of positive energy and the same has been enhanced within the picture with the help of the sights and sounds that o ne can imagine easily by looking at the same; they have expressions of excitement as well as hyperactivity as they want to finish taking the picture and move to indulging in other kinds of physical activities as fast as they can, almost as if they know that when the day gets over, there will be very few occasions in the future of a similar

Compare with crime control theory vs due process Essay

Compare with crime control theory vs due process - Essay Example In contrast to this the crime control model has been designed to make sure that the criminal cases are dealt fast and disposed off as early as possible. Both these models are important to the system of criminal justice and they play a key role in identifying offences and also in the interpretation of the criminal justice system. During 1964, Herbert Packer who is a Law professor wrote an article which provided a good philosophy on criminal justice. â€Å"In particular, the work of Packer provoked civil libertarian concerns over the police deviation from due process protections in pursuit of the objectives embodied in the crime control model† (William, 2002, p.11). In the said article, the author has further proposed the criminal justice model and the due process model. His article is said to have influenced every person who works on the criminal justice system. While crime control deals with the suppression of crime, the due process is concerned with the safeguarding the rights of the innocent. However, both have the same goal of punishing the guilty and protecting the innocent. The major difference lies in the fact that models use different means and approaches. â€Å"The question therefore arises for every society as to where on the continuum between crime control and due process it wishes to anchor its criminal justice values, subject to the observation that the two models in reality represent different means to a broadly common goal –the detection and effective punishment of crime† (Bryett & Osbome, 2000, p. 14). When comparing the crime control and the due process, it can be seen that the proponents of both approaches uphold constitutional values. However, some people view the crime control model in a negative light because of the fact that it assumes the criminal who has been alleged of an offence, guilty even before he is brought

Journal #8 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Journal #8 - Essay Example According to Apex website, Mills Branch Wind is expected to occupy approximately 5000 acres of local open farming land in Eastern Kent and is capable of generating up to 100 MW of homegrown energy, with a potential of powering approximately 30,000 homes every year. The expected number of turbines is 25-30, with approximately  ¼ to  ½ mile spacing on active farmland. Demand for new infrastructure will be limited due to the existing highways and high-voltage power cables. The project intends to cause very limited disruption to farmers hence an opportunity for them to continue with their farming activities. Mills Branch Wind would constitute an important investment in the rural economy by providing revenues to farmers, schools and the government. During construction, 70-100 full time jobs are expected to emerge and 6-8 permanent opportunities at each local facility of operation and maintenance. Kent County is favorable for this project after examination of several potential sites due to: existence of high- voltage cables, affirmed wind resource, adequate commercial farmland for expansion, an existing highway network and location far from sensitive environmental and military areas. Landowners and farmers hosting the wind turbines would benefit adequately from payment of annual lease for a projected period of 25 years, injecting revenues amounting to millions of dollars into the local economy of Kent County. The construction of Mills Branch Wind is in its early stages as extensive studies, community input, permits, engineering and other activities must be finished first. Therefore, Apex is working closely with The Local Government of Kent County and the public to get the project on track. Mills Branch Wind project is not without challenges. The project is facing a lot of opposition from both economic and political environments. The major players in opposition are Eastern Shore Land Conservancy and Keep Kent

Relationship Between the Heritage Site and the Community

Relationship Between the Heritage Site and the Community This essay critically discusses the relationship between heritage and community, collecting and making reference to a wide range of writing and theorizing on heritage and its management. As Lowenthal (1995) argues in his book The Past is a Foreign Country, the past is an ever-changing phenomenon, which is not constant due to the way in which the past is translated to us and how we, as individuals, intepret our past, with each individual having a different version, a different interpretation, of a common past. ‘The past’ is a heritage, which, argues Lowenthal (1995) is at once burdensome and nurturing, open as it is to various interpretations and various uses. The past is essential, and inescapable, and can be as innocent as one’s memories as captured in photographs or can be manipulated as witnessed by the Holcaust deniers. It is this changing nature of ‘the past’, or ‘heritage’ that simultaneously sustains and constrains us (Lowenthal, 1995). The past is, argues Lowenthal (1995), an increasingly more foreign country, that is distinct from the present but which is increasingly manipulated by present-day aims. It is necess ary to preserve the past to avoid ‘cultural amnesia’ but a cult of nostalgia can also choke and dampen progress, and so dealing with ‘heritage’ is a delicate matter. ‘Heritage’ and its management, in terms of community, is therefore a complex matter that generates tensions and conflicts. Chitty and Baker (1999) look at how historic sites and buildings are managed and show that preservation and presentation are central activities in the historic environment but that, often, these activities can be antagonistic to each other. This antagonism arises because of the different economic, social, cultural and educational perspectives taken by the different bodies involved in preserving and presenting historic sites and buildings. For example, those in charge of public entry to the historic site or building are interested that the site or building be open for as long as possible to as many people as possible, so that the revenue is as high as possible. Those involved in preservation of the historic site or building, for example, are interested not in the entry of visitors to the site, as a primary concern, but rather that they have the space, temporal and physical, to perform the necessary conservation duties to preserve the site or building for future generations, in a sympa thetic manner. Several case studies are discussed in Chitty and Baker (1999) including Avebury, Hadrian’s Wall, Norton Friary, Brodsworth Hall and various sites of interest for industrial heritage and in terms of military heritage, many of which are promoted as sites of heritage tourism (Timothy and Boyd, 2003). As Baker states in the introduction to Chitty and Baker (1999), sympathetic reconstruction and conservation is fundamental for preserving the authenticity of historic sites and buildings. As her argues, Avebury as it is currently encountered is largely a 1930’s reconstruction and not how Avebury was constructed originally. It is perhaps the case that many visitors do not realize that the current structure is not how it would have appeared when originally built, but many of those same visitors still take a great deal away from their visits to Avebury. This presents a dilemma for the managers of the site, the National Trust, who have to decide whether to preserve the Avebury as it is, complete with 1930’s modifications, or whether to change the site back to how historical records show it was when originally constructed. This dilemma illustrates the dilemma facing all managers of historic sites and buildings: the management of these sites is dependent on visitor numbers, as ‘heritage’ is a business nowadays, which is as dependent on revenue as any other business. Preservation of historic sites and buildings therefore needs to take place within the confines of dealing with visitors who want to be able to freely move about a site or building that they have paid to enter, for example. As Baker argues in Chitty and Baker (1999), the meaning and historical perspectives of buildings and sites can also be lost or mistranslated in the effort to maintain these sites and buildings within the context of generating revenue: the holistic view of the historic remains can be lost as individual stories and narratives are generated. For example, across Derbyshire, there are many historic sites from many different ages. In a few square miles, there is Bolsover Castle, Langwith Pit, with the last remaining working pit head in the area, Sutton Mill, which is a fully working water mill, Hardwick Hall, of Bess of Hardwick fame with the largest glass faà §ade in the UK: all of these sites ‘compete’ for revenue from visitors, but, as a whole, do not explain the continuity of, or the development of, the history of the area. In the effort to collect revenue from visitors, the history of the area as a whole has been lost to the general public, it’s holistic history h as been waylaid. Local history is not taught in schools in the area and so children grow up in the area often unable to afford to enter the historic sites, or with parents who do not encourage visits to the historic sites, and so never learn about their local history. They become dis-jointed from their local history. Heritage and community thus has no meaning for these individuals, and, as a whole, the community tends to come to view the historic sites not as their heritage but rather as visitor attractions that they cannot afford to visit and do not understand, as they have no connection to the sites or buildings, other than knowing that they are commercial activities and that ‘something’ happened there. This is a very modern tragedy, that heritage and community have become disjointed, that even when people do visit sites and buildings of historic interest that their experience is an isolated one, not ‘joined up’ to other historical sites of interest and thus not giving a holistic viewpoint of local history, or how this local history connects to larger UK history, for example. Preservation of historic sites and buildings is more than simply conserving those sites for the future, it also comes to include the preservation of the memories and history of those sites, a goal of communication. Presentation therefore overlaps with preservation, in terms of communicating to the visitors. Grenville (1999) looks at the rapid changes that are taking place in countryside management and their effect on the cultural landscape, in terms of the conflict that this process generates between archaeologists and ecologists, and looks at many case studies such as the management of archaeological landscapes on army training grounds, the management of ancient woodlands and the conservation of monuments in Norfolk. As Grenville (1999) states in the introduction, the identification of natural areas of significance by bodies such as English Nature separates out the significance of these areas from the possibilities of whole landscape evaluation, in a manner similar to that described by Baker in Chitty and Baker (1999): the holistic understanding of the whole landscape is lost, and whilst ‘Site Wildlife Statements’ are made about these areas of significance, managers of these sites are presented with problems when the views and needs of archaeologists, ecologists and visito r satisfaction all need to be considered. An example of this comes from Thornton Abbey in Lincolnshire: badgers were slowly destroying the archaeological remains at the site and the public and the resident ecologists were adamant that the badgers should be allowed to go about their business; the manager of the site eventually decided the badgers should be moved on, but the event caused a great deal of consternation amongst the archaeological community (Grenville, 1999). Howard (2003) looks at heritage management, its interpretation and identity, and finds that heritage has become a major concern around the world, particularly in the UK which relies heavily on tourism to heritage sites to keep these sites open and functioning, now that the majority of heritage sites in the UK are under the control of bodies which run them as a revenue-generating exercise. Howard (2003) points out, similarly to Chitty and Baker (1999) and Grenville (1999) that because most heritage sites are now run as a revenue-generators, there is conflict between preservation, conservation and management as to how these sites should be run, managed and interpreted. As Howard (2003) argues, however, the term ‘heritage’ nowadays means anything and everything the public want to save, from historic buildings to morris dancing to material culture and nature. As Howard (2003) argues, therefore, due to the heterogeneous nature of the ‘heritage’ that people want t o save, the management and interpretation of this ‘heritage’ is extremely complicated and needs many different approaches, especially as ‘heritage’ can take on a nationalistic component which has entirely negative repercussions, for as Howard (2003) states, â€Å"so long as heritage can be used for profit, or to produce group identity, or to subjugate or exclude someone else, then someone is going to use it†. Heritage, according to Howard (2003) is related to the concept of inheritance, in terms of meaning ‘that which has been, or may be, inherited’, and is also related to the idea of something that should not be forgotten, for example, the Holocaust heritage. Heritage also defines identity so that heritage has a contingent nature. That there are so many definitions of heritage, and that historic buildings and sites are bracketed together and understood in terms of ‘heritage’ is perhaps what leads to some of the tensions apparent between workers of different disciplines, when approaching a historical site or building. Everyone feels they have a claim on the site or building, in terms of common heritage, and they feel a responsibility to defend their heritage from the viewpoint of their different disciplines (i.e., ecologist/archaeologist/manager). This obviously then leads to tension as their viewpoints, whilst stemming from the same common concern, differ widely and have different effects and needs. ‘Heritage’, whilst a term that can be used to easily describe something that should be preserved, is a term that complicates the practical preservation of that site or building, especially as heritage marketing is something that is being used for consumer-led revenue-generation (Howard, 2003). Managing ‘heritage’ ‘for the community’ are the phrases of the moment, with the label ‘heritage’ being given to many things from historic sites and buildings to dances and religious/political ceremonies. Heritage is thus a flexible, little understood, term, that is, in Lowenthal’s (1995) sense, open to many and varied interpretations. In this context, then, managing heritage for the community is a difficult matter, which causes many tensions, between the various people responsible for managing ‘heritage’ and between these people and the community in which the ‘heritage’ is situated. Heritage and community are thus fuelled with tension and conflicts and the usefulness of the term ‘heritage’ as a political descriptor of our collective history, packaged in to revenue-generating pieces, is called in to question. References Howard P (2003) Heritage Management, Interpretation and Identity, London: Continuum. Lowenthal D (1995) The Past is a Foreign Country, Cambridge: University Press. Timothy DJ Boyd S W (2003) Heritage Tourism, Harlow: Prentice Hall. Grenville J (1999) Managing the Historic Rural Landscape, London: Routledge. Chitty G Baker D (1999) Managing Historic Sites Buildings, London: Routledge.

Term African Slave Trade Essay examples -- essays research papers

When you think of the African slave trade, do you realize that over 10 million people were removed from that continent in less than 500 years? Some scholars believe it may be as large a number as 20 million.1 I would like to pose a few questions and attempt to answer them in this collection of writings and opinions. The evidence and historical documents will show some of the economic and social impacts the Slave Trade had on the African continent. The first thing that needs to be established is just how many slaves were brought to the Americas. This has proven to be quite difficult at best. There have been many scholars debate just this subject alone. As you will see, many well known scholars have problems justifying their own estimations or guesses. A quick study of Philip D. Curtin’s work: From Guesses to Calculations: Shows his writings are a compilation of bits-n-pieces of information from previously thought of unimportant publishing’s. His sole purpose was to try to determine a more accurate account of the number of people brought over from what parts of Africa and to what final location. He goes on to make it clear his findings should not be construed as being accurate or to be relied upon with any degree of certainty: but rather an accuracy range of about 20% approximations. â€Å"It should also be understood that some estimates would not even reach that standard of accuracy. They are given as the most probable figures at the present state of knowledge. These considerations have made it convenient to round out most quantities to the nearest one hundred, including data taken from other authors...† By the following chart you can see clearly the late eighteenth century was the apex of the slave trade, as described by Philip Curtin. You can clearly see that over 60% of all slaves delivered to the New World were brought over between 1721-1820. Eighty per cent of the total were landed during a century and a half, 1701-1850. 2 I suppose one could find a similar spike in the sugar trade of the Americas, as well as the Rum exports from the colonies and the firearm exports from Europe. A variety of Opinions One conclusion that might be drawn is that, in reducing the estimated total export of slaves from about twenty million to about ten million, the harm to African societies is also reduced by half. This is obvious nonsense.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ... ...rice of the transatlantic slave trade on Africa was absolutely devastating. Not only was there a massive shortage of young women and men especially, but also the future potential of the continent was essentially gone. Many of the young men and women would die before reaching the New World. Thus not being given the chance to hand down their own culture to their children. Their culture was rarely a written culture, but an oral culture. A major factor that must be understood is what is called by some as the â€Å"brain drain† Which is considered a by-product of the Triangle Trade of the time. Craftsman, Warriors, politicians, Artist, Princes, Healers, Farmers, and Musician were all sent to be slaves by their enemies, both personal and political or even coincidental. All to serve the white masters on their sugar, cotton, and tobacco plantations on the other side of the world.5 Slavery does still persist. The reports of the United Nations International Labor Organizations, the British Anti-Slavery Society, and the U.S. Department of State show there still is large margin of slavery going on in the Northwestern (Mauritania) and in the Sudan region. The past isn’t dead: it’s not even past. 6

If I Had Power to Change 3 Things in World

Synapse:| 1. Introduction| 2. Poverty| 3. Terrorism| 4. Accidents and Natural Disasters| 5. Conclusion| INTRODUCTION: â€Å"Nothing is permanent in this world Other than the Change† -is a famous proverb. In this mechanical world all of us are moving towards the pursuit of money having not even single second to spare, to think of world. So I would like to bring to spotlight 3 most prickling things in my mind, which I think, given a power I will surely change, to make the world a better place to live in†¦. 1. POVERTY: Poverty according to my view is a thorn in flesh of the world. Society in India is very sharply divided between ‘Haves’ and ‘Have Nots’. With all the wealth of the country getting so accumulated in a few hands the rest of the population find it difficult to even make 2 ends meet. So obvious reason for poverty is ‘distribution of wealth’ which is too uneven. On one side India is leading gold importer in the world, whereas on other side India has most number of population that cannot even afford for a single meal as stated as follows†¦ â€Å"Rich continues to become richer-and Poor continues to become poorer† Recent news coverage in media focusses fully on Indians and their illegal blackmoney deposited in Swiss and Morocco banks, and a pitiful fact is that most of them having account are politicians of our very own country. Isn’t it a big shame for our nation? Harmful effect of poverty include mitigation of crime activities like theft, robbery, smuggling, kidnapping, cheating which have become a menace to society. Poor people in a pursuit of living, indulge in these kind of activities. All thieves who were caught redhanded state poverty as major reason for their act. If this is situation in India, situation across world is far more worse. Many countries in Africa and Asia are dying because of poverty. A shocking fact is that their total country’s income is not even equal to per capita income of a citizen in a developed country. So basis for all illegal activities is poverty. Owing to greed of wealth recent trend of â€Å"string of kidnapping incidents† happened. Smuggling drugs and other goods were also carried out by poor youth as depicted by Tamil film ‘Ayan’. Hence by solving this poverty problem, world would be a safer place to live upon. So if I had power to change 3 things in world, I would first eliminate poverty so as to make each and every common man feel as if ‘He is the king’. 2. Terrorism: Modern world has become a hotbed of hatred , violence and terrorism. Civilization has not made many people different from brute animals. The law of the jungle is, â€Å"might is right† In these days when nations and men swear by principles of peace and co- existence there are still elements who indulge in violent activities and who feel that solutions to problems can be got only through violence. The worst form of violence is terrorism. In my opinion, terrorism is something which is much worse than a regular war, for, against war all preparations are always ready at hands but these terrorist attacks being unexpected and unwarranted can just not be secured against. What can be done when people are travelling by train, getting ready to board a bus, or watching a cinema, and the terrorists strike. How can any prevention against this be arranged? It is this very uncertainty of time and place that makes terrorist attacks more dangerous than even a regular warfare. Another point that makes these attacks worse than war to some extent is that, these attacks are always against poor innocent people of the public. In a war also no doubt, the public suffers but, they are not the targets, they are given protection till it is possible. With these terrorist activities, today there is a continuous fear of attack and so, danger is always looming large on the horizon. Today terrorism has become a world wide phenomena, it is rampant in the Middle-East, most of the European countries. Some countries help in the development of terrorism in other countries and, since their boys are trained, their level of performance is flawless and absolutely superb. As we have seen in India, in the process of the last one decade or more, our neighbour Pakistan is training, providing sophisticated weapons to spread Terrorism in India. A series of bomb blasts off and on, murders of prominent personalities, all go to show that this process being a continuous and silent war, is very difficult to curb. The killing, maiming and kidnapping of innocent and unconcerned persons in terrorist act, such as recent bomb blasts in Delhi, is just plain crime. United Nations has also now given its seal of authorization to this view. The bomb blasts are in addition to terrorists killing by gunfire and destruction of places of worship. There is no reason for the killings other than, apparently, to create panic and instability in the local administration. Innumerable killings by gunfire or bomb explosions have taken place in Assam, Jammu & Kashmir and in other parts of the north-east, and various other cities. Our whole educational system also needs to be restructured and streamlined. It should use each ounce of energy of youth for constructive purposes so that they may not be induced to adopt violence as their creed and dead. 3. ACCIDENTS AND NATURAL DISASTERS: A life undergoes nearly 10 months of struggle to evolve and enter our beautiful world. But within a blink of eyelashes it gets vanished. So I am going to finally depict the mayhems of accidents and natural disasters with the reason to eliminate them from our world. Many factors can play into accident. Road accident is a global tragedy. Air accident is worst nightmare of every pilot or passenger. We all are aware of the tragic end to ‘Titanic ship’ and to its crew members & passengers. No form of transportation is completely safe and no machine is completely fool-proof. Murphy’s law states that , â€Å"Anything that can go wrong will go wrong† In everyday newspapers we come across numerous incidents of accidents many of which may not be the fault of victim itself, such as a drunken driver vehicle running through a pedestrian or other stationary vehicles along the roadside. Thus road condition, mechanical failure, driver error or simply act of god! may lead to these tragedies. As we all know, our college witnessed a sorrowful incident a week ago, when a 2nd year EEE guy fell prey to jaws of accident, although fault was on his side. Natural disaster is a painful memory for victims that can be caused by nature, such as floods, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, tsunamis, avalanches, lahars, landslides, sinkholes, blizzards, tropical storms, typhoons, tornadoes, wildfire, epidemics caused by bacteria or a biological threat by toxic fungi or locusts. Various disasters like earthquake, landslides, volcanic eruption, flood and cyclones are natural hazards that kill thousands of people and destroys crores of rupees of properties. Everyone knows about flood, but did you ever have been in that situation? Can you imagine how painful the victims feel? Do we think what is the thing we can do to help them or just sitting at home and watching victims suffering from flood? At first natural disasters cause physical damage. Secondly it causes contamination of water. Finally it causes economical hardship by food shortage. CONCLUSION: Just as a coin has 2 sides, our mother earth also has the above mentioned curses at her ugly side. Frankly speaking most of them are created by God’s wonderful creation â€Å"Humans† only! As stated by one of my poem, â€Å"America ambushed by Katrina, Indonesia illtreated by Tsunami, Europe saw eruption of volcanoes, India incurred loss of lives in earthquakes, Acid rains across the earth! World warned by lethal landslides! ‘Aren’t these an awakening call for us to stop Acting against nature? † So if I had power to change these 3 things, I am sure that my changes will benefit entire mankind and start a new chapter in human history. Afterall as we all know, â€Å"Nothing is Impossible Even the word IMPOSSIBLE says, I’m possible† ‘SO OFCOURSE I CAN BRING THESE CHANGES AND MAKE IT HAPPEN! ’

Mary Shelly Essay

In this essay I will be commenting on the effects Kenneth Branagh, the director and actor, has used on the â€Å"creation scene† in the film â€Å"Mary Shelly’s Frankenstein†. The film was released in 1994 but before it was a film it was a novel that was published in 1818 by a writer named Mary Shelly. The film version of this was then named with the writer’s names in the title in order to make it sound authentic. The film has a gothic/horror genre or theme, and I will try to analyse the different types of effects used e. g. camera angle, sound and music, lighting and special effects, costume, make-up hair and props. Robert De Niro plays the monster in this film. The reason that such a famous actor was picked to play this role and not just any random person in a suit is because then Kenneth Branagh can put Robert De Niro’s name on the front cover of the film to show that they have at least one famous person in the film. Another reason might be because then other people, considering watching or buying this film, might want to watch it to see the famous actor. When Victor Frankenstein, played by Kenneth Branagh, first enters the laboratory he is dressed in a red cape with gold embroidery, this has connotations of royalty and power. A boxer might wear this type of cape before he begins to fight to show that he is scared of nothing and is a hard man. Branagh, knowing this, is trying to project it on Victor. Victor has got nothing else on his top half but on his bottom half he has tatty trousers and shoes to show that he hasn’t had much time to spend on appearance. Another technique Branagh uses to make Victor seem strong and/or bold is by filming him through a low angle shot, making it seem like he is towering above everyone else. Also, non-diegetic, fast paced, loud music is played to make it seem like what he is doing is really important but also that he is in a rush to finish it and make history. Not only is Victor made to seem important but so is the monster by pulling it up with the pulley on to the track and as it ascends, a bright light is shone directly above it. Since this light is so strong it creates a circle of light around the creation. I believe that the effect of this is to suggest the creation as a gift to God or even to make it seem like it is so close to him that Victor can show God he is about to create life just like he did. Victor is filmed using a high angle shot running at the same speed as the monster on the cradle. The effect of this is to show that Victor is completely dependant on the creation of the monster, therefore not letting it out of his sight. If Victor didn’t care as much about it, he would have waited by the tank where the track finishes. Lots of diegetic sound is used when the log knocks the cradle and as it is running along the tracks. When the creature is put into the tank, and is above the fire, Branagh uses a series of extreme close up shots as the spikes are being stabbed into the monster. This type of shot is used so that you can almost feel the spikes going into you as you sit at home or in the cinema. This also creates sympathy for the monster. As the camera shots dissolve through all the bits of machinery and all the electric lines, which have sparks coming out of them to show that they are high voltage, it shows that there are loads of different things going on at the same time. The effect of this is to show that the task of creating the monster is extremely difficult because there are a lot of things to do and think about. While Victor is fastening a tube to the tank the camera slowly zooms out and pans to the right to show that the tube is connected to a big sack, which is shaking, that retains electric eels and a lot of amniotic fluid. The effect of this is to suggest that this is like a real birth because Victor uses amniotic fluid held in a sack or a container like in a real mothers womb. The sack is also filmed in a low angle shot to make it seem as it is a main part in the creation of the monster. As the eels are released into the tank they start to attack the monster at first. Then it looks like they are trying to heal him as they go for stitches to make it seem like they are repairing the monster. The first of this part is filmed using a close up, panning shot running up the monsters body, then an over the shoulder shot of the eels repairing him is employed. There is a lot in the mise en scene when Victor is standing on the tank. Victor himself standing on the tank, with the sack that held the amniotic fluid in, shaking the chains, looks to me like he has got eight hands due to the way the light is shone onto the sack. I think that if this was deliberate then it is meant to portray that he is Godlike with eight hands meaning that he is more powerful than an everyday man. The fire under the tank looks like it has been over fuelled so it is jumping up the side or even dancing.

How to Use the Italian Imperfect Subjunctive Tense

How to Use the Italian Imperfect Subjunctive Tense â€Å"If I were able to live in Italy for the rest of my life, I would be happy.† How do you express a sentiment like that in Italian? Before I dive into the nooks and crannies of the grammar with the subjunctive mood, here’s what that sentence would look like: Se io potessi vivere in Italia per il resto della mia vita, sarei contenta. In order to create this sentence on your own, you need to use the imperfect subjunctive (il congiuntivo imperfetto). You would use this tense when the main part of your sentence includes the present perfect tense (il passato prossimo), imperfect tense (l’imperfetto) or the conditional tense (​il condizionale) to talk about an unlikely hypothetical situation that starts with se (If) like â€Å"If I won the lottery† or to discuss wishful thinking. Some constructions that might help you understand when to use this are: Imperfect Tense ( Che) Imperfect Subjunctive Credevo che avessero ragione. - I thought they were right.Non era probabile che prendessimo una decisione. - It wasnt likely we would make a decision.Non cera nessuno che ci capisse. - There was no one who understood us.Il razzismo era il peggior problema che ci fosse. - Racism was the worst problem there was. Present Perfect Tense (Che) Imperfect Subjunctive L’ha aiutata affinchà © potesse imparare l’italiano. - He helped her so she could learn Italian.Abbiamo organizzato un riunione cosi’ da informare tutti sul da farsi. - We scheduled a meeting so we could brief everybody on what to do.Ho ritenuto giusto che mio figlio decidesse da solo quale universita’ scegliere. - I believed it was right my son could choose by himself which university pick out. Se Imperfect Subjunctive Conditional Se fossi in te, non mi fiderei di lui. - If I were you, I wouldn’t trust him.Se lui mi baciasse, sarei felicissima. - If he were to kiss me, I would be so happy.Se Mario mi invitasse a cena, accetterei subito! - If Mario asked me out for dinner, I would accept immediately! Conditional S e Imperfect Subjunctive Sarei felicissima se lui mi baciasse. - I would be so happy if he were to kiss me.Comprerei un guardaroba nuovo se io avessi tre mila dollari in pià ¹. - I would buy a new wardrobe if I had three thousand more dollars.Direi una bugia se dicessi che sono stata bene. - It would be a lie if I said I’ve been great. Magari (If Only) Imperfect Subjunctive Magari fosse vero. - If only it were true.Magari potessi venire da noi! - If only you could come over to our place! TIP: The word â€Å"magari† can also be used to mean â€Å"maybe† or â€Å"yes† depending on context. You’ll notice that the translations between Italian and English aren’t direct, and that’s because this tense is interpreted differently in Italian than in English. For instance, in the last example, if you wanted to say â€Å"He helped her so she could learn Italian†, you might want to translate â€Å"could† as â€Å"potrebbe†, using the conditional tense. I know it’s confusing at first, but the more you’re exposed to the language and the more you practice, the more intuitive it will become. Plus, as you learn, you can rely on keywords or phrases to help you decide whether or not to use the imperfect subjunctive tense. Key Phrases Pensare che - To think thatCredere che - To believe thatDubitare che - To doubt thatEssere importante che - To be important thatBastare che - To be enough thatDirsi che - To be said thatSperare che - To hope thatTemere che - To fear thatAffinchà © - So thatPrima che - BeforeNel caso che - In case that For conjugations of three regular verbs, see the table below. Conjugating Verbs in the Imperfect Subjunctive PRONOUN CANTARE SAPERE FINIRE che io cantassi sapessi finissi che tu cantassi sapessi finissi che lui/lei/Lei cantasse sapesse finisse che noi cantassimo sapessimo finissimo che voi cantaste sapeste finiste che loro/Loro cantassero sapessero finissero What About Irregular Verbs? Here are some examples of irregular verbs in the imperfect subjunctive. Essere - To be Fossi Fossimo Fossi Foste Fosse Fossero Se io fossi una sirenetta, sarei una brava nuotatrice. - If I were a mermaid, I would be a great swimmer.Non ti piaccio?! Pensavo fossimo fidanzati! - You don’t like me?! I thought we were dating! Stare - To be, to stay Stessi Stessimo Stessi Steste Stesse Stessero Mi fa sentire come se stesse cercando di nascondere qualcosa. - It makes me feel like he was trying to hide something.Pensavo stessimo andando dal panettiere. - I thought we were going to the bakery. Dire - To say Dicessi Dicessimo Dicessi Diceste Dicesse Dicessero Voleva che tu gli dicessi la verit! - She wanted you to tell her the truth!Vorrei che Marta non dicesse nulla di questo a Mario. - I would not like for Marta to say anything about this to Mario.E se ti dicessi che nulla di cià ² che vedi à ¨ reale? - And what if I were to tell you that nothing you see is real?

Creating a Culture of Professionalism among Students, Faculty and Research Paper

Creating a Culture of Professionalism among Students, Faculty and Staff - Research Paper Example It is mainly known as a historically black university comprising of a unique culture and ethnicity. It also comprise of a Carnegie Classification of Institutions for Higher Educational requirements like: research activity (Howard University, n. d.). It is such a type of institution comprising of experienced and dynamic faculties presenting quality education since 1867 to its students so as to retain its image worldwide. Along with this, they also desire to maintain a professional relationship within its students and faculties so that a professional bounding can be maintained. Moreover, the aim of the university is to connect the life of the students with their minds, the heart of a tradition, and the soul of a students and staffs (Howard University, n. d.). Key objective of this study is to highlight the positive impacts of professionalism culture among students, faculties and staffs so as to improve organizational performance and image. Apart from this, it also tries to highlight th e effectiveness of finance and operational decisions regarding the enhancement of the University in long run (Howard University, n. d.). Road Map of the plan of implementing computer training program in Howard University Source: (Kasar &Clark, 2000). ... Not only this, it might also help to create such a friendly type of environment that may be best for the students of all castes and creeds (Kasar &Clark, 2000). Stakeholder Analysis The stakeholders that might get engaged in such a planning program of developing a professional environment within all the staffs, faculties and students of the Howard University are foundation members, board of trustees, staffs, teachers, parents and students. Such type of a planning might become successful only with proper coordination and communication among them in order to fulfill the objectives. For example: Orientation program in the university for the introduction of computer trainings for the students performing researches to improve their technical knowledge and skills on the relevant topics. However, it might be possible only if the relevant teachers offer high level of guidance to these students. With the help of such coordinated efforts, the culture of professionalism may be visualized within all the members and faculties (Kasar &Clark, 2000). Project Requirements In order to implement the computer training program for the research associates, varied types of hardware and new software are essential. Apart from this, an efficient teacher is also essential to guide the students in the proper way. So that it might lead to successful result in the long run. For example: If the students comprising of laptops bring them, at the time of coaching classes, then it might prove effective in reducing the purchase of computers for the university. Then it might be extremely helpful in reducing the financial cost of the organization thereby enhancing its image among other rival colleges. However, this may be possible only if the students and faculties of the university of

Visual Arts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Visual Arts - Essay Example In this visual report, I would be comparing and contrasting 2 ancient vases to learn about them and get a better understanding of the same. The first piece of art is a ceramic amphora dating back to c. 540 BCE. This amphora was of Greek origin and had the painting of Dionysos with a pair of Maenads that was created by Amasis Painter. I chose to visualize and describe this particular vase because of its captivating contrast of colors of rich cream contrasted with black. The vase itself had a smooth fluidity in relation to its height and size which compelled me to use it as my visual art piece. The second piece of art that I had chosen to compare and contrast is a Korean Maebyeong Bottle that was decorated with a spray of bamboo in addition to a Plum tree in blossom. The reason for choosing this vase was because I liked the delicate painting which was done in a dull olive green which was so pretty and soothing to my eyes. The Greek amphora had a height of 13† (33.3cms) and was fr om the Bibliotheque National, Paris. The contour of the vase’s body was gorgeously decorated with the figures of the Greek God of Wine, Dionysos featured on the left sporting a beard and holding a wine glass in his hand, while the two Maenads, were to the right, and clad in 2 dark garments which were intricately detailed in presentation. One of the Maenads was seen holding a hare, while the other held a deer. On a closer look I also saw that each of them held a sprig of ivy between their fingers. The technique used here was contrasting dark figures against a light background. The pale green vase was created during the late 12th and early 13th century and belonged to the Goryeo dynasty. This art piece which I found quite attractive was basically an inlaid celadon ware which had a light background of grayish stoneware, that had an inlaid decoration of black and white slips, hidden under the celadon glaze. The technique which was formerly invented by the Chinese was used for thi s vase. This technique became a Korean specialty that enhanced the beauty of the vase to a great extent. This beautiful art piece had a height of 13† and a quarter (33.7cms) and is housed in the Tokyo National Museum in Tokyo, Japan. (The Arts of Korea, pg. 369) My analysis of the first vase which was a vessel used by the Greeks, was based on the decorative style which was bold as it was contrasting. I really liked the way the artist contrasted dark figures with a soft background. The spiral designs were aesthetically arranged so as to frame the composition and enable the viewer to focus on the figures in the center. I was also quite attracted to the border patterns of grape leaves both at the bottom and top of the vase which served to bring a uniqueness to this art piece, by making it all the more attractive. 3 My analysis of the second vase with the bamboo decoration was that it had the influence of Chinese ceramics because of its appearance. On closer scrutiny I found that the vase was embellished with inlaid decoration of both bamboo and plum blossoms which contrasted against each other thus making the design to stand out and be noticed. The contrasting came from an under-glaze design from slips of black and white that was made from clay which was ground finely. This seemed to be a special technique used by the potters which is what made this art piece so unique in its design. In the Greek vase, the element that kept recurring was the use of dark figures that was framed with circular designs and borders to offset the composition. In the Korean amphora, the recurring element that was made use of was the inlaying of dark and white strips that were glazed to give it a unique appearance. In comparison to each other, each of the vases had its own unique style of art

International Logistics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

International Logistics - Essay Example When companies become substantially involved in international dealings, logistics become an essential ingredient in the strategic planning process. In an increasingly world economy, logistics is a very critical matter in the success of a company. It is a fundamental part of supply chain management that entails operations management considerations, production engineering, and matters pertaining to the region. The main aims of International Logistics are to connect parts of global supply chains, prevail over international trade hurdles, and reduce transaction expenditures. It can also offer considerable cost savings and help businesses enter new overseas markets (Branch, 2009). The channel of international logistics can be split into three: transaction channel, distribution channel, and communication channel (Behar et al., 2013). The transaction channel deals with the buying, selling and collection of payment; the distribution channel involves the physical movement of goods while communication involves the contact between various players in international business. With the help of a professionally managed international logistics department, organizations can gain economies of scale. International Logistics can lead to increased production, technological advancement, and market expansion (Behar et al.,

Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose Essay Example for Free

Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose Essay Known as Netaji (leader), Mr. Bose was a fierce and popular leader in the political scene in pre-independence India . He was the president of the Indian National Congress in 1937 and 1939, and founded a nationalist force called the Indian National Army. He was acclaimed as a semigod, akin to the many mythological heroes like Rama or Krishna, and continues as a legend in Indian mind. Subhas Chandra was born on January 23rd 1897 in Cuttack (in present day Orissa) as the ninth child among fourteen, of Janakinath Bose, an advocate, and Prabhavatidevi, a pious and God-fearing lady. A brilliant student, he topped the matriculation examination of Calcutta province and passed his B. A. in Philosophy from the Presidency College in Calcutta. He was strongly influenced by Swami Vivekanandas teachings and was known for his patriotic zeal as a student. His parents wishes kept him away from the Indian freedom struggle and led him into studies for the Indian Civil Service in England. Although he finished those examinations also at the top of his class (4th), he could not complete his aprecentship and returned to India, being deeply disturbed by the Jallianwalla Bagh massacre. He came under the influence of Mahatma Gandhi and joined the Indian National Congress (a. k. a. Congress). Gandhiji directed him to work with Deshbandhu Chittaranjan Das, the Bengali leader whom Bose acknowledged as his political guru. Bose was outspoken in his anti-British stance and was jailed 11 (eleven) times between 1920 and 1941 for periods varying between six months and three years. He was the leader of the youth wing of the Congress Party, in the forefront of the trade union movement in India and organized Service League, another wing of Congress. He was admired for his great skills in organization development . The Influence of Bose Bose advocated complete freedom for India at the earliest, whereas the Congress Committee wanted it in phases, through a Dominion status. Other younger leaders including Jawaharlal Nehru supported Bose and finally at the historic Lahore Congress convention, the Congress had to adopt Poorna Swaraj (complete freedom) as its motto. Bhagat Singhs martyrdom and the inability of the Congress leaders to save his life infuriated Bose and he started a movement opposing the Gandhi-Irvin Peace Pact. He was imprisoned and expelled from India. But defying the ban, he came back to India and was imprisoned again! Clouds of World War II were gathering fast and Bose warned the Indian people and the British against dragging India into the war and the material losses she could incur. He was elected president of the Indian National Congress twice in 1937 and in 1939, the second time defeating Gandhijis nominee. He brought a resolution to give the British six months to hand India over to the Indians, failing which there would be a revolt. There was much opposition to his rigid stand, and he resigned from the post of president and formed a progressive group known as the Forward Block (1939). The second World War broke out in September of 1939, and just as predicted by Bose, India was declared as a warring state (on behalf of the British) by the Governor General, without consulting Indian leaders. The Congress party was in power in seven major states and all state governments resigned in protest. Subhas Chandra Bose now started a mass movement against utilizing Indian resources and men for the great war. To him, it made no sense to further bleed poor Indians for the sake of colonial and imperial nations. There was a tremendous response to his call and the British promptly imprisoned him . He took to a hunger-strike, and after his health deteriorated on the 11th day of fasting, he was freed and was placed under house arrest. The British were afraid of violent reactions in India, should something happen to Bose in prison. The Mystery Begins Bose suddenly disappeared in the beginning of 1941 and it was not until many days that authorities realized Bose was not inside the house they were guarding! He traveled by foot, car and train and resurfaced in Kabul (now in Afghanistan), only to disappear once again. In November 1941, his broadcast from German radio sent shock waves among the British and electrified the Indian masses who realized that their leader was working on a master plan to free their motherland. It also gave fresh confidence to the revolutionaries in India who were challenging the British in many ways. The Axis powers (mainly Germany) assured Bose military and other help to fight the British. Japan by this time had grown into another strong world power, occupying key colonies of Dutch, French, and British colonies in Asia. Bose had struck alliance with Germany and Japan. He rightly felt that his presence in the East would help his countrymen in freedom struggle and second phase of his saga began. It is told that he was last seen on land near Keil canal in Germany, in the beginning of 1943. A most hazardous journey was undertaken by him under water, covering thousands of miles, crossing enemy territories. He was in the Atlantic, the Middle East, Madagascar and the Indian ocean. Battles were being fought over land, in the air and there were mines in the sea. At one stage he traveled 400 miles in a rubber dinghy to reach a Japanese submarine, which took him to Tokyo. He was warmly received in Japan and was declared the head of the Indian army, which consisted of about 40,000 soldiers from Singapore and other eastern regions. Bose called it the Indian National Army (INA) and a government by the name Azad Hind Government was declared on the 21st of October 1943. INA freed the Andaman and Nicobar islands from the British, and were renamed as Swaraj and Shaheed islands. The Government started functioning. Leader of Masses and the Military  Bose in INA Uniform 1943 Early Success and Tragic End Bose wanted to free India from the Eastern front. He had taken care that Japanese interference was not present from any angle. Army leadership, administration and communications were managed only by Indians. Subhash Brigade, Azad Brigade and Gandhi Brigade were formed. INA marched through Burma and occupied Coxtown on the Indian Border. A touching scene ensued when the solders entered their free motherland. Some lay down and kissed, some placed pieces of mother earth on their heads, others wept. They were now inside of India and were determined to drive out the British! Delhi Chalo (Lets march to Delhi) was the war cry. The bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki changed the history of mankind. Japan had to surrender. Bose was in Singapore at that time and decided to go to Tokyo for his next course of action. Unfortunately, the plane he boarded crashed near Taipei and he died in the hospital of severe burns. He was just 48. The Indian people were so much enamored of Boses oratory and leadership qualities, fealressness and mysterious adventures, that he had become a legend. They refused to believe that he died in the plane crash. The famous Red Fort trial wherein Boses generals and the INA officers were tried, became landmark events. Initially, the British Government thought of a court-martial, but there was a countrywide protest against any kind of punishment. For common Indians, Axis and Allied powers hardly mattered, but they could not tolerate punishment of fellow countrymen who were fighting for freedom. The British Government was in no position to face open rebellion or mutiny and a general amnesty for INA soldiers was declared. While Boses approach to Indian freedom continues to generate heated debate in the Indian society today, there is no denying of his burning patriotism, his tireless efforts to free India from inside and outside and his reckless adventures in trying to reach his goals. His exploits later became a legend due to the many stories carried by the disbanded INA soldiers who came from every nook and corner of our great country. Had he lived, Subhas Chandra Bose could have given a new turn to Independent Indias political history. But he lives on eternally in the Indian mind, more famous after his death.

The Theoretical Framework For The Translation English Language Essay

The Theoretical Framework For The Translation English Language Essay The commentary will be divided into three sections. The first section will introduce the source text, establish the theoretical framework for the translation, define the translation brief and carry out a comparison of the functions of source and target texts. The next section will focus on defining and analyzing the strategies implemented in the translation by providing examples from within the translation. The final section will be a conclusion of the preceding sections. Source Text The source text is an article titled Xin, Da, Ya: On Yan Fus Translation Theories and was written in Chinese by Professor Wong Wang-Chi of the Chinese University of Hong Kong. The article was first published in the Journal of Translation Studies by the department of translation at the Chinese University of Hong Kong in 1997. Later it was published collection of works by author Wong in a book titled a Study of 20th Century Chinese Translation studies:Re-interpretation of xin, da and ya, by Shanghai Orient Press in 1999. The article contributes to the continuous academic debate among Chinese translation scholars on Yan Fus translation theory; xin, da and ya. Wong attempts to provide clearer interpretation of Yan Fus translation theory which had previously received much criticism claiming that it was flawed, inappropriate and contradictory. Due to the nature of text, it inevitably contains a large amount of theory-based content. The article was written with regard to Yan Fus translation preface of Tian Yan Lun, a translation of Huxleys Evolution and Ethics (1893). In this preface Yan Fu introduced his translation theory and it is therefore for this reason that Wongs piece contains large number quotations from Yan Fus preface; a preface which was written in classical Chinese prose in 1898, five years after the original was released. The fact that Yan Fus original translation was written in classical Chinese prose and obviously was published in the 19th century means that the way it is interpreted since then has been in constant debate. The combination of theory with both classical Chinese prose and modern Chinese means the task of translation was complex. The function of the original is to provide Chinese translation and literature fields with a fresh outlook on Yan Fus translation theory in response to previous criticism. It aims to change the critical way in which many scholars have looked upon this theory by allowing the reader to see Yan Fus theory in a different light. Deep down Wongs motives are clearly to defend Yan Fu and put right those previously who have misunderstood Yan Fus theory and then gone on to misrepresent Yan Fu in the field of translation studies. The target audience of the source text are Wongs fellow translation studies scholars and those students who are studying translation studies at least at undergraduate level. This is due to the heavy reliance on examples in classical Chinese prose throughout the text and the style of the authors writing. The text possesses a corrective and educative nature. Theoretical Framework A Brief Background A Functionalist Approach The theoretical framework chosen for this translation is a functionalist approach. The functionalist approach was first suggested by Kathrina Reiss in 1971 (2000:92), it developed further in the 1970s and 80s in Germany and was focal to the shift from predominantly linguistic and rather formal translation theories to a more functionally and socioculturally orientated concept of translation (Schaffner 1998:235). It was a shift that Gentzler described as one of the two most important theoretical developments in translation studies over the past two decades (2001:70). This aproach notably has been developed by a number of scholars in german language countries, including Kathrina Reiss, Hans Vermeer, Mary Snell-Hornby, Christiane Nord and Justa Holz-Manttari (2001:69). The functionalist approach not only allows for greater emphasis to be placed on the target text, but also provides a framework to evaluate better the role of the translator, something that previous theories failed to accom modate. The functionalist approach consists of a number of fundamental principles; All strategies are determined by the function of the translation. The function is defined by the commissioner through the translation brief. The function of the translation need not be identical to that of the original. A translation that achieves its intended purpose is to be declared as functional. (cf. Nord 2006) Functionalist scholars believe that translation should always strive to achieve optimal solutions within actual conditions (Gentzler 2001:70-71). However, importantly functionalist advocates admit there is no such thing as a perfect translation. Controversially the functionalist approach can be criticized as being too vague and not being extensive enough, Despite the plausible flaws in the approach, it is still recognized for decisively brought about the breaking of the two thousand year old chain of theory resolving around the faithful vs. free axis (Gentzler 2001:71). The framework for this translation will focus on Reiss and Vermeers Skopos theory (1984), a theory that has been established within the parameters of the functionalist approach. Skopos theory The was Skopos theory was established by Reiss and Vermeer in 1984. The theory is based around the skopos or the function, purpose or aim of a translation (Vermeer 1989:221). The main components of the theory are the overall aim (skopos), the purpose set in order to achieve the aim, the intention behind the aim and the eventual function of the target language text in terms of its readership. This means that any form of translation strategy implemented will be determined these four components of the skopos theory which in turn from the purpose that the translation will later go on to serve. Functionalists advocate that translation like any other activity in that behavior is determined by its intent, in other words, the end justifies the means (Nord 1997:29). The skopos theory provides the translator with the means to justify their decision making. According to Vermeer, every text has a given goal, function or intention and that any text can adopt a different function when applied in d ifferent circumstances with a different audience (1989:227). Therefore the translation is no longer classified as loyal or disloyal, but measured in terms of how consistent translation is in relation to the purpose and intention of the target text, which are defined from the viewpoint of the receiver. An important aspect of the skopos theory is that the source and target texts must be viewed separately to allow the theory to function. Reiss and Vermeer state that every text is an offer of information and indicating that the source and target text a two separate entities (House 1997:16). The translator is simply offering certain information from the source text in accordance with the skopos specified by the commissioner (Reiss and Vermeer 1991:76) By distinguishing clearly between the source and target texts it enables the a kind of translation to be carried out that does not place the source text at its realm. In other words, the text can take on a new function which can be viewed as an extension of the original, even though it might involve changing the function altogether, as Nord states written texts can exist outside their original situation (1991/2005:8). This means again means that the function target text it not restricted by the original, but most importantly is pragmatica lly defined by the purpose of the intercultural transfer (1991/2005:11). One of the most significant aspects the Skopos theory is its approach to equivalence and adequacy. According to Reiss and Vermeer, equivalence can defined as an identical communicative function shared across both source and target texts (House 1997:12) and adequacy can be defined as being the relationship between the source and translation where no functional match is obtained and the skopos of the translation has been attended to (1997:12). At the same time, the skopos remains more important than any form of equivalence. In translating between Chinese and English, two contrasting cultures, it is pivotal that we highlight the fundamental principle that just in the same way that source text is bound to or embedded within the source culture, the target text should also be orientated towards the target culture (Vermeer 1989:222-223). Following on from the initial establishment of the skopos theory by Reiss and Vermeer, Chrisiane Nord also contributes to the functionalist approach. Nord modifies the previous work on skopos theory by attempting to rebalance the excessively target text orientated skopos theory, claiming the priority of the target text purpose does not mean that the source text is irrelevant, as it sometimes assumed (1997:62). Moreover, she points out that the source text provides the offer of information that forms the starting point for the offer of information formulated in the target text (1997:62). Nord extends on the skopos theory by providing a model of source text analysis that Reiss and Vermeer had failed to cover, which in turn makes for a more comprehensive theory, a theory which is used as a framework for this translation. It is also important to recognize as Nord concludes that optimum circumstances for carrying out translation is when intention and function would be analogous or even identical (1997:28). In the case of this translation the intentions certainly are analogous, which signifies this theory is appropriate for this translation. Other Relevant Approaches Text Typology This model of translation was based on Bulhers typology. Reiss outlined her three text types: informative, expressive and operative. This model of translation is focuses on the functional relationship between source and target texts. It fundamentally involves the categorization of texts into either on of the three categories mentioned above(Reiss 1977), then dependent on which category the text falls under determines the translation strategies implemented by the translator. Translational Action This theory was introduced by Hola-Manttari, who defines translation as a complex action designed to achieve a particular process (Nord 1997:12-13). Hola-Manttari focuses on specific aspects of the translation process such as the translator, the receiver of the message, time, place and medium. This approach has been praised by Schaffer, who recognizes the versatility in accommodating all types of translation (1997:5). The theory considers highly the needs of the target text receiver. Although similar to the skopos theory it also bears the wrath of Nords criticism for neglecting the source text (1991:28). Nords Model of Text Analysis Nords model of text analysis consists of two main aspects; extratextual factors and intratextual factors. It gives a framework that allows both the source and potential target text to be analyzed. Nord divides translation problems into four categories; pragmatic, cultural, linguistic and text specific (1991:158-160). Hypothetical Translation Brief The translation brief is very influential in any translation, it is even more important in the functionalist approach. It gives both explicit and implicit information with regard to the intention, purpose and audience. It defines the conditions under which the translation is practiced. It is these conditions that influence the way in which the translator behaves. Munday states that it allows the translator to prioritize what information to include in the target text and to see where the source text and the target text may diverge (2001:82). This translation has been commissioned by Renditions, the leading international journal of Chinese literature in English language.   Based in Hong Kong, Renditions has striven to provide a unique yet rich variety of both classical and contemporary Chinese literature to the western world. It will be made commercially available in topical edition based on Chinese translation theory. The translation aims to present the latest standpoint on one of the most influential Chinese translation theories in translation studies history.   It will bring a more balanced, comprehensive understanding of Yan Fus translation theory among western translation scholars and students of translation.   The translation should ensure that those in the West are more sensitive to his theory.   Source and Target Text Function In order to effectively identify the strategies necessary to carry out the translation we must first establish the function of both the source and target texts. As it has been stated in the preceding paragraph the function of the source text is to outline the authors interpretation of Yan Fus translation theory; correcting those previous misunderstandings and at the same time defend Yan Fu. Therefore, in certain aspects the text is fullfilling an informative function in that it is sharing the view of Professor Wong Kwok-Pung, but furthermore the text has a operational function in that it is arguing for the defense of Yan Fus translation theory and is attempting to convince its audience that Yan Fu has been misrepresented. It has then become apparent that he source text possesses a combination of two functions. It is important to point out that the audience for this text is very niche as it is an scholarly and theoretical text which contains classical Chinese prose even those with a u niversity education will not necessarily be able to comprehend. With regard to the function of the target text, the function is similar to that of the source text. The key difference is that it takes on more of an educative function. It intends to educate western scholars of translation through increasing their sensitivity to the on going Yan Fu debate among Chinese translation scholars. Consequently, the target text is content focused, therefore the offer of information must be accurate in relation to the offer of information in the source text (Nord :80). In order to ensure that the translator is able to effectively transfer this information accurately, it is recommended that a literal translation strategy is used providing it can reach a level of naturalness that guarantees clarity and the presentation of the ideas and understandings of a fairly complex translation theory. This important as presently there exists a diversity among the understandings of the main concepts that form the basis of the theory. At this moment there is a key differenc e between the source and target texts; the source text audience is limited by both style of writing (classical Chinese) and the actual contents. On the other hand, the target will be restricted only by its content and not by the writing style as it will be mainly plain English. Therefore it audience will be extended by a more reader friendly text. The target text is aiming to turn a complex source text into a target text that is much clearer Strategies Used I n this section the strategies used by the translator will be discussed. A functionalist approach, in particular the skopos theory will determine these strategies which applied in this translation. It has also been recognized that the text is both informative and operational. Therefore, a balance must be found between being highly content focused in which no loss of information can be accepted, but also ensure the function of text is achieved, the translator must render the text in so that it is readable and conforms to the target text language conventions. Terminology Research Dictionaries, glossaries and parallel texts provide a resource that allows vital terminology research. Dictionaries are a tool used by translators across the world. In this translation a number of dictionaries have been referenced; bilingual and monolingual both modern and classic Chinese. Bilingual dictionaries provide a comprehensive range of terms including examples in a number of contexts. Despite that, there are instances with certain terminology when the bilingual dictionary does not suffice. A monolingual dictionary is used in instances when the incompleteness and inconsistency of the bilingual dictionary mean that terminology cannot be referenced. A specialized ancient chinese dictionary was required in this translation as the source text contains substantial amounts of classical Chinese prose. Dictionaries used Due to the difficulty in dealing with sections of classical Chinese prose within the source text, It was unavoidable that the translator depend on the assistance of a specialists outside of the field of translation. Nord (1991:158-160) describes this as being a text-specific problem, which is one of the four translation problems, as the source was written by a specialist. Although the fact that area of specialization in the source text is translation, but the fact that it is a technical text (1991:158-160) does still prove to be a problem. In terms of this translation, I sought the cooperation of a post graduate student from the University of Warwick who possessed an excellent knowledge of classical Chinese prose. He was able to help with difficulties in terminology and provide an evaluated opinion on the translated version of certain terms. Omission Omission is a strategy that is employed in instances when information is redundant and is non-beneficial to the function of the translation or the target reader. All forms of information must be able to make sense in the culture in which they exist. For example, the footnotes in the source text give reference to several Chinese authors and their work, all of which is in Chinese. I do not believe that supplying a translated version of these footnotes will provide any real support to the purpose of the text. Therefore, I have omitted all four of the footnotes which were present in the original. It is appreciated that some people believe the footnotes should be preserved in the translation and further explanatory information should accompany them. Despite this the decision to omit was made as the information was simply not significant enough to the target reader. Addition It is natural that the background knowledge of the source text audience and the target text audience may differ.   This means that the translator at times must employ strategies to either omit redundant or irrelevant information and also provide more information to supplement the the text in order to counteract the in balance in background knowledge, and in turn enable the target text reader to comprehend. There are a number instances in which historical and culture points are referred to within the source text.   These points are crucial in the explanation of Wongs standpoint and the understanding of Yan Fus theory.   By providing supplementary information regarding those theoretical terms, historical and cultural references in the translation it ensures the English readers are able to understand.   In particular with the terms xin, da and ya which are used throughout the text.   It is very important to add supplementary explanations.   If these items are not made clear in the initial stages of the translation then they will lead to the reader being distracted which is detrimental to the development of the text. Literal translation Literal translation involves following closely the structure, form and lexical meanings of the source text. It is based converting text constructions into their target text equivalents. By translating each lexical word means they are often out of context in target text form. It allows for accuracy in the transfer of information that explains why many people have misunderstood Yan Fus ideas. The main issue with literal translation is that those implicit and contextual meanings are neglected. This could potentially be damaging to the effective transfer of information. Example Source Text: à §Ã¢â‚¬ Ã‚ ±Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ºÃ… ½Ãƒ ¥Ã…“ ¨Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¯Ã‚ ´Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ®Ã…’à ¨Ã‚ ¿Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¦Ã‚  Ã‚ ·Ãƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã‚ ¥Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ¥Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ Ãƒ ¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ã‚ ªÃƒ ¥Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ±Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¹Ã‚ ¶Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ²Ã‚ ¡Ãƒ ¦Ã…“†°Ãƒ ©Ã‚ ©Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã…  Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ºÃƒ ¨Ã‚ ¿Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ªÃƒ ¨Ã‚ ¯Ã‚ Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ®Ã… ¡Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¹Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ ¦Ã‹â€ -à ¤Ã‚ ½Ã…“à ¨Ã‚ ¯Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ §Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ £Ãƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ã…  Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à §Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬Å"à ¦Ã… ¾Ã…“à ¥Ã‚ ¼Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ Ã‚ ¥Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ºÃ¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ °Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃƒ ¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ §Ã…’Å“Ã ¥Ã‚ Ã…  Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¹Ã‚ ±Ãƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ Target Text: Due to the fact that Yan Fu himself did neither define nor explain in detail these three characters immediately after proclaiming them, as a result it led to much subjective speculation and confusion. In the example above a literal translation strategy has been implemented. The original forms and meanings have been preserved, or at least to some extent. In the first example, due to the fact that there is an equivalent available in the target text means the translation is straightforward. However, in the second example, to simply render the text in accordance with the source text would result in unnaturalness. As a result the it has been altered to conform with the target text norms. As there is an evident inter-lingual difference between Chinese and English, there are instances in which it is not possible to translate literary. An attempt at literal translation will result in unnaturalness in the target language text. In my translation a number of pragmatic strategies have been employed, all of which promote naturalness and readability in the target text. Admittedly, accuracy may be sacrificed in order to ensure the target text audience are able understand and fully engage with the target text. There are a few examples below; Example 1.01 Source Text: à ¥Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ²Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ £Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ³Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Literal Translation: Carving up technique Target Text: Misrepresentation Potential Alternative: Quote of context; garble his statement Example 1.02 Source Text: GAP Literal Translation: Eliminate Target Text: Clear up In the two examples above illustrates a certain loss in meaning. The source text expresses more strongly in a way that becomes unnatural in the target text. In the target text example 1.01 it shows a two version of translation. The translator had to decide not to use the potential alternative because to a certain extent it seemed too toned down and neutral to truly represent the source text. The translator opted to use misrepresentation as it is able to represent at least to some extent the strong connotation of the original. It is inevitable that strong connotation in the original is to be sacrificed in order to achieve naturalness in the target text. The next example (1.02) is a connotation similar to the previous example, but it was not possible to find an equivalent that possessed the same strong connotation as in the target text. The translator is left with no choice but sacrifice the connotation for a weaker, more natural target text equivalent. This kind of adaptation guarante es naturalness. Example 1.03 Source Text: à ©Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ §Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¦Ã‹â€ Ã‚  Literal Translation: Following a logical chain of thought Target Text: Reasonably Potential Alternative: Naturally Example 1.04 Source Text: à §Ã‚ ¼Ã‹Å"à ¦Ã…“ ¨Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ±Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ ©Ã‚ ±Ã‚ ¼ Literal Translation: climbing a tree to seek a fish. Target Text: Fruitless approach Potential Alternative: climbing a tree to seek a fish (a fruitless approach) Although the two examples above (1.03 and 1.04) both can be translated literally, however, they seem to be too long-winded. The translation must conform to the norms of the target language. It is important to avoid any unnecessary unnaturalness that may be detrimental to the development of the target text. As the authors intention is to defend Yan Fus theory, it is crucial that messages and meanings are transferred into the target text effectively. Example 1.05 illustrates an example where a target version that strongly represents the meaning of the source is rejected due to its length and unnaturalness. Source Text: à ¤Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ®Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¾Ã… ¾Ãƒ §Ã‚ «Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¯Ã… ¡ Rejected translation: The use of certain methods specifically in accordance with the subject of the literary piece allows for enhanced cultural expression, faithfully expressing the real ideas and emotions of the original Target Text: An authors writing allows for enhanced expression that should sincerely reflect his thoughts and emotions In-text reference As the name suggests, it is the providing of extra information within the text itself. It is a strategy used to explain a term that is alien to the readership such as Kuomintang (Chinese Nationalist Party) or simply assist them in comprehending the text. In the translation this strategy was not used often as it confuses the reader, especially in theoretical based text. Syntactical Convention The syntactic structure of Chinese and English are different. In terms of this translation, this means that alterations to the sequencing elements of the source text so that it reads naturally in the target language. An example of the changes that need to be made is shown below; Source Text: à ¥Ã‚ ®Ã… ¾Ãƒ ¥Ã‹â€ Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ §Ã‚ ²Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ §Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¾Ã‚ ®Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¨Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à §Ã¢â‚¬ Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ±Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¥Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ­-à ¦Ã‚ ³Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã‚ ¥Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ³Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¥Ã‹â€ Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ºÃƒ ¨Ã‚ ¾Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ ¦Ã‹Å"â€Å" ¼Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃƒ §Ã¢â‚¬ Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¿Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸-à ¥Ã‹â€ Ã‚ ©Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¿-à ¦-†¡Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ­- ¼Ã…’à ¥Ã‹â€ Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ±Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¾Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ ©Ã… ¡Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ Literal Transaltion: The fact is that with original texts which contain abstruse contents and are written in the terse and allusive language, to use the lexicon and sentence structure of pre-Han Dynasty proves better in expressing the original texts. Target Text: The fact is that the lexicon and sentence structures of pre-Han Dynasty prose prove to better express original texts which contain abstruse contents and are written in the terse and allusive language. The underlined part of each example highlights the change in structure. The text must function as an informative or educative and present an argument, in order to achieve this, the above adaptation has been made to emphasize readability. The next example below demonstrates the problems with complex sentence structures. To allow the reader to understand the target text modification is inevitable. Source Text: à ¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ã‚ ªÃƒ §Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¶Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ¥Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¦Ã‚ Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ±Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ §Ã¢â‚¬ Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ±Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¥Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ­-à ¦Ã‚ ³Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¥Ã‚ Ã‚ ¥Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ³Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ Ã‚ ¥Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ½Ã…“à §Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ »Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¯Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚ ¼Ã…’à ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â‚¬ Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ®Ã‚ ¤Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ºÃƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¥Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã… ¡Ãƒ ¥Ã‹â€ Ã‚ °Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¾Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ ¦Ã‹Å"â€Å"à §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã‹â€ Ãƒ ¦Ã… ¾Ã…“ ¼Ã…’à ¤Ã‚ »Ã…  Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ©Ãƒ §Ã…“†¹Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ Ã‚ ¥Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¾Ã‹â€ Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯Ãƒ ¦Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ®Ã‚ ®Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¤Ã‚ ½Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¦Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ ¦Ã… ¾Ã…“à ¦Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃƒ ¤Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¨Ã†â€™Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ »Ã… ½Ãƒ ¥Ã… ½Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã‚ ²Ãƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ¨Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¦Ãƒ ¥Ã… ½Ã‚ »Ãƒ §Ã…“†¹Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¿Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ªÃƒ ©- ®Ãƒ ©Ã‚ ¢Ã‹Å" ¼Ã…’à ¤Ã‚ ¾Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¼Ã… ¡Ãƒ ¨Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¾-à ¦Ã…“†°Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ »Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¹Ã‹â€ Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¦Ã‚ ¥Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¹Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ºÃ¢â‚¬  Ãƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ Literal Translation: Naturally, Yan Fus demands of using lexicon and sentence structure of pre-Han Dynasty prose in carrying out translation, furthermore the belief that it can achieve da, today it seems unthinkable, but if we look at this problem from a historical point of view then we wouldnt feel that there was any inappropriateness at all. Target Text: Naturally, today when we look back on Yan Fus belief of using lexicon and sentence structure of pre-Han Dynasty prose to achieving da, it seems to be unimaginable. However, if we look at this problem from a historical point of view then we wouldnt feel that there was any inappropriateness at all. The lengthy sentence in the example above has not only been divided into two separate units or sentences, but also the order of the units have been rearranged for it to make sense. Elsewhere, in Chinese the subjects are often unexpressed and the object can also occasionally be omitted. In particular, these instances occur more frequently in classical Chinese. It is left to the reader to determine the subject and object in any given sentence which can prove ambiguous. When rendering the text it is important the object or subject is inserted into the translated text to allow the reader to understand. This is shown in example 1.07 where the object is inserted in square brackets to ensure the reader is not confused. The channels that communicate the message of the original should be kept clear and concise. Alterations The source does not only contain a number of paragraphs from Yan Fus original translation preface, the author also quotes on a number of occasions throughout his text. This means the task of translation becomes extremely difficult because the context changes slightly. The initial issue is that it is was not possible to translate the sections of classical Chinese literally, furthermore, as it was very important to make clear the original meanings in these sections as Wong bases his essay on them, the translation strategy adopted was loyal to the meanings and had to presented be clear, concise and natural in the target language. It is for this reason that literal translation was not possible. However, the problem arose when these translations had to fit into Wongs main texts that were written in mainly in modern Chinese. Example 1.05 demonstrates that in the original classical Chinese it does contain the word meaning, but it is left out because it is not necessary in the context of the whole passage. As Wong quotes this line in a separate instance the meaning is then required. In this instance the translator must use an in-text reference and not change the structure of the quotation in order to remain consistent. If a translation shows inconsistency then the reader will be confused. Example 1.05 Source Text: à ¦Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¹Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ ¥Ã‹â€ Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Ãƒ ¦Ã…“ ¬Ãƒ ¦-†¡ Translated Passage of Classical Chinese: provided that the translation does not contradict of the original Quotation from the Passage in Main Text: provided that the translation does not contradict [the meaning] of the original) Footnotes Footnotes are used to provide additional information that is necessary to further explain certain terms or concepts in the text. They are usually employed when the supplementary information needed is too long to provide a parenthetical reference. It must be noted that footnotes should be used minimally to avoid distracting the reader in a way which will negatively influence the development of the text. As Baker states, unnecessary addition of information will only lower the readability of the text (1992:40). This translation uses footnotes to enable the reader to understand the source text. In other words they ensure the reader maintains connected with the text. For example to present an alien term without giving a supplementary explanation to the reader leads them to be unable to maintain their connection with the text. In this text there are instances when footnotes are employed to make the target text clearer in areas in which the author of the source text has failed, example on p age XX of the translation the translator uses footnotes to explain the term expression of intention which is one of the main elements of Yan Fus theory. The original author has not made much effort to make the chunks of classical Chinese prose more comprehendible to someone who does not understand this form of ancient Chinese. By doing this the author expresses that he wishes his text to function only among a very niche audience, I mean Wong could have provided a modern Chinese version of those sections. In the translation, the use of clear, plain English eradicates this potential restriction on its audience. The translated text intends to be accessible to all those who have interest in or understanding of the theoretical content of the original. Therefore, in a way the translation extends the influence of the original. In addition footnotes are used to counteract the lack of shared background knowledge between the source and target audience. The strategy shown below is an example of contextual amplification in which items, which source readers take for granted and that target readers do not understand, are explained. Example 1 On Page XX an explanation of the Tong