International Logistics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

International Logistics - Essay Example When companies become substantially involved in international dealings, logistics become an essential ingredient in the strategic planning process. In an increasingly world economy, logistics is a very critical matter in the success of a company. It is a fundamental part of supply chain management that entails operations management considerations, production engineering, and matters pertaining to the region. The main aims of International Logistics are to connect parts of global supply chains, prevail over international trade hurdles, and reduce transaction expenditures. It can also offer considerable cost savings and help businesses enter new overseas markets (Branch, 2009). The channel of international logistics can be split into three: transaction channel, distribution channel, and communication channel (Behar et al., 2013). The transaction channel deals with the buying, selling and collection of payment; the distribution channel involves the physical movement of goods while communication involves the contact between various players in international business. With the help of a professionally managed international logistics department, organizations can gain economies of scale. International Logistics can lead to increased production, technological advancement, and market expansion (Behar et al.,

Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose Essay Example for Free

Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose Essay Known as Netaji (leader), Mr. Bose was a fierce and popular leader in the political scene in pre-independence India . He was the president of the Indian National Congress in 1937 and 1939, and founded a nationalist force called the Indian National Army. He was acclaimed as a semigod, akin to the many mythological heroes like Rama or Krishna, and continues as a legend in Indian mind. Subhas Chandra was born on January 23rd 1897 in Cuttack (in present day Orissa) as the ninth child among fourteen, of Janakinath Bose, an advocate, and Prabhavatidevi, a pious and God-fearing lady. A brilliant student, he topped the matriculation examination of Calcutta province and passed his B. A. in Philosophy from the Presidency College in Calcutta. He was strongly influenced by Swami Vivekanandas teachings and was known for his patriotic zeal as a student. His parents wishes kept him away from the Indian freedom struggle and led him into studies for the Indian Civil Service in England. Although he finished those examinations also at the top of his class (4th), he could not complete his aprecentship and returned to India, being deeply disturbed by the Jallianwalla Bagh massacre. He came under the influence of Mahatma Gandhi and joined the Indian National Congress (a. k. a. Congress). Gandhiji directed him to work with Deshbandhu Chittaranjan Das, the Bengali leader whom Bose acknowledged as his political guru. Bose was outspoken in his anti-British stance and was jailed 11 (eleven) times between 1920 and 1941 for periods varying between six months and three years. He was the leader of the youth wing of the Congress Party, in the forefront of the trade union movement in India and organized Service League, another wing of Congress. He was admired for his great skills in organization development . The Influence of Bose Bose advocated complete freedom for India at the earliest, whereas the Congress Committee wanted it in phases, through a Dominion status. Other younger leaders including Jawaharlal Nehru supported Bose and finally at the historic Lahore Congress convention, the Congress had to adopt Poorna Swaraj (complete freedom) as its motto. Bhagat Singhs martyrdom and the inability of the Congress leaders to save his life infuriated Bose and he started a movement opposing the Gandhi-Irvin Peace Pact. He was imprisoned and expelled from India. But defying the ban, he came back to India and was imprisoned again! Clouds of World War II were gathering fast and Bose warned the Indian people and the British against dragging India into the war and the material losses she could incur. He was elected president of the Indian National Congress twice in 1937 and in 1939, the second time defeating Gandhijis nominee. He brought a resolution to give the British six months to hand India over to the Indians, failing which there would be a revolt. There was much opposition to his rigid stand, and he resigned from the post of president and formed a progressive group known as the Forward Block (1939). The second World War broke out in September of 1939, and just as predicted by Bose, India was declared as a warring state (on behalf of the British) by the Governor General, without consulting Indian leaders. The Congress party was in power in seven major states and all state governments resigned in protest. Subhas Chandra Bose now started a mass movement against utilizing Indian resources and men for the great war. To him, it made no sense to further bleed poor Indians for the sake of colonial and imperial nations. There was a tremendous response to his call and the British promptly imprisoned him . He took to a hunger-strike, and after his health deteriorated on the 11th day of fasting, he was freed and was placed under house arrest. The British were afraid of violent reactions in India, should something happen to Bose in prison. The Mystery Begins Bose suddenly disappeared in the beginning of 1941 and it was not until many days that authorities realized Bose was not inside the house they were guarding! He traveled by foot, car and train and resurfaced in Kabul (now in Afghanistan), only to disappear once again. In November 1941, his broadcast from German radio sent shock waves among the British and electrified the Indian masses who realized that their leader was working on a master plan to free their motherland. It also gave fresh confidence to the revolutionaries in India who were challenging the British in many ways. The Axis powers (mainly Germany) assured Bose military and other help to fight the British. Japan by this time had grown into another strong world power, occupying key colonies of Dutch, French, and British colonies in Asia. Bose had struck alliance with Germany and Japan. He rightly felt that his presence in the East would help his countrymen in freedom struggle and second phase of his saga began. It is told that he was last seen on land near Keil canal in Germany, in the beginning of 1943. A most hazardous journey was undertaken by him under water, covering thousands of miles, crossing enemy territories. He was in the Atlantic, the Middle East, Madagascar and the Indian ocean. Battles were being fought over land, in the air and there were mines in the sea. At one stage he traveled 400 miles in a rubber dinghy to reach a Japanese submarine, which took him to Tokyo. He was warmly received in Japan and was declared the head of the Indian army, which consisted of about 40,000 soldiers from Singapore and other eastern regions. Bose called it the Indian National Army (INA) and a government by the name Azad Hind Government was declared on the 21st of October 1943. INA freed the Andaman and Nicobar islands from the British, and were renamed as Swaraj and Shaheed islands. The Government started functioning. Leader of Masses and the Military  Bose in INA Uniform 1943 Early Success and Tragic End Bose wanted to free India from the Eastern front. He had taken care that Japanese interference was not present from any angle. Army leadership, administration and communications were managed only by Indians. Subhash Brigade, Azad Brigade and Gandhi Brigade were formed. INA marched through Burma and occupied Coxtown on the Indian Border. A touching scene ensued when the solders entered their free motherland. Some lay down and kissed, some placed pieces of mother earth on their heads, others wept. They were now inside of India and were determined to drive out the British! Delhi Chalo (Lets march to Delhi) was the war cry. The bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki changed the history of mankind. Japan had to surrender. Bose was in Singapore at that time and decided to go to Tokyo for his next course of action. Unfortunately, the plane he boarded crashed near Taipei and he died in the hospital of severe burns. He was just 48. The Indian people were so much enamored of Boses oratory and leadership qualities, fealressness and mysterious adventures, that he had become a legend. They refused to believe that he died in the plane crash. The famous Red Fort trial wherein Boses generals and the INA officers were tried, became landmark events. Initially, the British Government thought of a court-martial, but there was a countrywide protest against any kind of punishment. For common Indians, Axis and Allied powers hardly mattered, but they could not tolerate punishment of fellow countrymen who were fighting for freedom. The British Government was in no position to face open rebellion or mutiny and a general amnesty for INA soldiers was declared. While Boses approach to Indian freedom continues to generate heated debate in the Indian society today, there is no denying of his burning patriotism, his tireless efforts to free India from inside and outside and his reckless adventures in trying to reach his goals. His exploits later became a legend due to the many stories carried by the disbanded INA soldiers who came from every nook and corner of our great country. Had he lived, Subhas Chandra Bose could have given a new turn to Independent Indias political history. But he lives on eternally in the Indian mind, more famous after his death.

The Theoretical Framework For The Translation English Language Essay

The Theoretical Framework For The Translation English Language Essay The commentary will be divided into three sections. The first section will introduce the source text, establish the theoretical framework for the translation, define the translation brief and carry out a comparison of the functions of source and target texts. The next section will focus on defining and analyzing the strategies implemented in the translation by providing examples from within the translation. The final section will be a conclusion of the preceding sections. Source Text The source text is an article titled Xin, Da, Ya: On Yan Fus Translation Theories and was written in Chinese by Professor Wong Wang-Chi of the Chinese University of Hong Kong. The article was first published in the Journal of Translation Studies by the department of translation at the Chinese University of Hong Kong in 1997. Later it was published collection of works by author Wong in a book titled a Study of 20th Century Chinese Translation studies:Re-interpretation of xin, da and ya, by Shanghai Orient Press in 1999. The article contributes to the continuous academic debate among Chinese translation scholars on Yan Fus translation theory; xin, da and ya. Wong attempts to provide clearer interpretation of Yan Fus translation theory which had previously received much criticism claiming that it was flawed, inappropriate and contradictory. Due to the nature of text, it inevitably contains a large amount of theory-based content. The article was written with regard to Yan Fus translation preface of Tian Yan Lun, a translation of Huxleys Evolution and Ethics (1893). In this preface Yan Fu introduced his translation theory and it is therefore for this reason that Wongs piece contains large number quotations from Yan Fus preface; a preface which was written in classical Chinese prose in 1898, five years after the original was released. The fact that Yan Fus original translation was written in classical Chinese prose and obviously was published in the 19th century means that the way it is interpreted since then has been in constant debate. The combination of theory with both classical Chinese prose and modern Chinese means the task of translation was complex. The function of the original is to provide Chinese translation and literature fields with a fresh outlook on Yan Fus translation theory in response to previous criticism. It aims to change the critical way in which many scholars have looked upon this theory by allowing the reader to see Yan Fus theory in a different light. Deep down Wongs motives are clearly to defend Yan Fu and put right those previously who have misunderstood Yan Fus theory and then gone on to misrepresent Yan Fu in the field of translation studies. The target audience of the source text are Wongs fellow translation studies scholars and those students who are studying translation studies at least at undergraduate level. This is due to the heavy reliance on examples in classical Chinese prose throughout the text and the style of the authors writing. The text possesses a corrective and educative nature. Theoretical Framework A Brief Background A Functionalist Approach The theoretical framework chosen for this translation is a functionalist approach. The functionalist approach was first suggested by Kathrina Reiss in 1971 (2000:92), it developed further in the 1970s and 80s in Germany and was focal to the shift from predominantly linguistic and rather formal translation theories to a more functionally and socioculturally orientated concept of translation (Schaffner 1998:235). It was a shift that Gentzler described as one of the two most important theoretical developments in translation studies over the past two decades (2001:70). This aproach notably has been developed by a number of scholars in german language countries, including Kathrina Reiss, Hans Vermeer, Mary Snell-Hornby, Christiane Nord and Justa Holz-Manttari (2001:69). The functionalist approach not only allows for greater emphasis to be placed on the target text, but also provides a framework to evaluate better the role of the translator, something that previous theories failed to accom modate. The functionalist approach consists of a number of fundamental principles; All strategies are determined by the function of the translation. The function is defined by the commissioner through the translation brief. The function of the translation need not be identical to that of the original. A translation that achieves its intended purpose is to be declared as functional. (cf. Nord 2006) Functionalist scholars believe that translation should always strive to achieve optimal solutions within actual conditions (Gentzler 2001:70-71). However, importantly functionalist advocates admit there is no such thing as a perfect translation. Controversially the functionalist approach can be criticized as being too vague and not being extensive enough, Despite the plausible flaws in the approach, it is still recognized for decisively brought about the breaking of the two thousand year old chain of theory resolving around the faithful vs. free axis (Gentzler 2001:71). The framework for this translation will focus on Reiss and Vermeers Skopos theory (1984), a theory that has been established within the parameters of the functionalist approach. Skopos theory The was Skopos theory was established by Reiss and Vermeer in 1984. The theory is based around the skopos or the function, purpose or aim of a translation (Vermeer 1989:221). The main components of the theory are the overall aim (skopos), the purpose set in order to achieve the aim, the intention behind the aim and the eventual function of the target language text in terms of its readership. This means that any form of translation strategy implemented will be determined these four components of the skopos theory which in turn from the purpose that the translation will later go on to serve. Functionalists advocate that translation like any other activity in that behavior is determined by its intent, in other words, the end justifies the means (Nord 1997:29). The skopos theory provides the translator with the means to justify their decision making. According to Vermeer, every text has a given goal, function or intention and that any text can adopt a different function when applied in d ifferent circumstances with a different audience (1989:227). Therefore the translation is no longer classified as loyal or disloyal, but measured in terms of how consistent translation is in relation to the purpose and intention of the target text, which are defined from the viewpoint of the receiver. An important aspect of the skopos theory is that the source and target texts must be viewed separately to allow the theory to function. Reiss and Vermeer state that every text is an offer of information and indicating that the source and target text a two separate entities (House 1997:16). The translator is simply offering certain information from the source text in accordance with the skopos specified by the commissioner (Reiss and Vermeer 1991:76) By distinguishing clearly between the source and target texts it enables the a kind of translation to be carried out that does not place the source text at its realm. In other words, the text can take on a new function which can be viewed as an extension of the original, even though it might involve changing the function altogether, as Nord states written texts can exist outside their original situation (1991/2005:8). This means again means that the function target text it not restricted by the original, but most importantly is pragmatica lly defined by the purpose of the intercultural transfer (1991/2005:11). One of the most significant aspects the Skopos theory is its approach to equivalence and adequacy. According to Reiss and Vermeer, equivalence can defined as an identical communicative function shared across both source and target texts (House 1997:12) and adequacy can be defined as being the relationship between the source and translation where no functional match is obtained and the skopos of the translation has been attended to (1997:12). At the same time, the skopos remains more important than any form of equivalence. In translating between Chinese and English, two contrasting cultures, it is pivotal that we highlight the fundamental principle that just in the same way that source text is bound to or embedded within the source culture, the target text should also be orientated towards the target culture (Vermeer 1989:222-223). Following on from the initial establishment of the skopos theory by Reiss and Vermeer, Chrisiane Nord also contributes to the functionalist approach. Nord modifies the previous work on skopos theory by attempting to rebalance the excessively target text orientated skopos theory, claiming the priority of the target text purpose does not mean that the source text is irrelevant, as it sometimes assumed (1997:62). Moreover, she points out that the source text provides the offer of information that forms the starting point for the offer of information formulated in the target text (1997:62). Nord extends on the skopos theory by providing a model of source text analysis that Reiss and Vermeer had failed to cover, which in turn makes for a more comprehensive theory, a theory which is used as a framework for this translation. It is also important to recognize as Nord concludes that optimum circumstances for carrying out translation is when intention and function would be analogous or even identical (1997:28). In the case of this translation the intentions certainly are analogous, which signifies this theory is appropriate for this translation. Other Relevant Approaches Text Typology This model of translation was based on Bulhers typology. Reiss outlined her three text types: informative, expressive and operative. This model of translation is focuses on the functional relationship between source and target texts. It fundamentally involves the categorization of texts into either on of the three categories mentioned above(Reiss 1977), then dependent on which category the text falls under determines the translation strategies implemented by the translator. Translational Action This theory was introduced by Hola-Manttari, who defines translation as a complex action designed to achieve a particular process (Nord 1997:12-13). Hola-Manttari focuses on specific aspects of the translation process such as the translator, the receiver of the message, time, place and medium. This approach has been praised by Schaffer, who recognizes the versatility in accommodating all types of translation (1997:5). The theory considers highly the needs of the target text receiver. Although similar to the skopos theory it also bears the wrath of Nords criticism for neglecting the source text (1991:28). Nords Model of Text Analysis Nords model of text analysis consists of two main aspects; extratextual factors and intratextual factors. It gives a framework that allows both the source and potential target text to be analyzed. Nord divides translation problems into four categories; pragmatic, cultural, linguistic and text specific (1991:158-160). Hypothetical Translation Brief The translation brief is very influential in any translation, it is even more important in the functionalist approach. It gives both explicit and implicit information with regard to the intention, purpose and audience. It defines the conditions under which the translation is practiced. It is these conditions that influence the way in which the translator behaves. Munday states that it allows the translator to prioritize what information to include in the target text and to see where the source text and the target text may diverge (2001:82). This translation has been commissioned by Renditions, the leading international journal of Chinese literature in English language.   Based in Hong Kong, Renditions has striven to provide a unique yet rich variety of both classical and contemporary Chinese literature to the western world. It will be made commercially available in topical edition based on Chinese translation theory. The translation aims to present the latest standpoint on one of the most influential Chinese translation theories in translation studies history.   It will bring a more balanced, comprehensive understanding of Yan Fus translation theory among western translation scholars and students of translation.   The translation should ensure that those in the West are more sensitive to his theory.   Source and Target Text Function In order to effectively identify the strategies necessary to carry out the translation we must first establish the function of both the source and target texts. As it has been stated in the preceding paragraph the function of the source text is to outline the authors interpretation of Yan Fus translation theory; correcting those previous misunderstandings and at the same time defend Yan Fu. Therefore, in certain aspects the text is fullfilling an informative function in that it is sharing the view of Professor Wong Kwok-Pung, but furthermore the text has a operational function in that it is arguing for the defense of Yan Fus translation theory and is attempting to convince its audience that Yan Fu has been misrepresented. It has then become apparent that he source text possesses a combination of two functions. It is important to point out that the audience for this text is very niche as it is an scholarly and theoretical text which contains classical Chinese prose even those with a u niversity education will not necessarily be able to comprehend. With regard to the function of the target text, the function is similar to that of the source text. The key difference is that it takes on more of an educative function. It intends to educate western scholars of translation through increasing their sensitivity to the on going Yan Fu debate among Chinese translation scholars. Consequently, the target text is content focused, therefore the offer of information must be accurate in relation to the offer of information in the source text (Nord :80). In order to ensure that the translator is able to effectively transfer this information accurately, it is recommended that a literal translation strategy is used providing it can reach a level of naturalness that guarantees clarity and the presentation of the ideas and understandings of a fairly complex translation theory. This important as presently there exists a diversity among the understandings of the main concepts that form the basis of the theory. At this moment there is a key differenc e between the source and target texts; the source text audience is limited by both style of writing (classical Chinese) and the actual contents. On the other hand, the target will be restricted only by its content and not by the writing style as it will be mainly plain English. Therefore it audience will be extended by a more reader friendly text. The target text is aiming to turn a complex source text into a target text that is much clearer Strategies Used I n this section the strategies used by the translator will be discussed. A functionalist approach, in particular the skopos theory will determine these strategies which applied in this translation. It has also been recognized that the text is both informative and operational. Therefore, a balance must be found between being highly content focused in which no loss of information can be accepted, but also ensure the function of text is achieved, the translator must render the text in so that it is readable and conforms to the target text language conventions. Terminology Research Dictionaries, glossaries and parallel texts provide a resource that allows vital terminology research. Dictionaries are a tool used by translators across the world. In this translation a number of dictionaries have been referenced; bilingual and monolingual both modern and classic Chinese. Bilingual dictionaries provide a comprehensive range of terms including examples in a number of contexts. Despite that, there are instances with certain terminology when the bilingual dictionary does not suffice. A monolingual dictionary is used in instances when the incompleteness and inconsistency of the bilingual dictionary mean that terminology cannot be referenced. A specialized ancient chinese dictionary was required in this translation as the source text contains substantial amounts of classical Chinese prose. Dictionaries used Due to the difficulty in dealing with sections of classical Chinese prose within the source text, It was unavoidable that the translator depend on the assistance of a specialists outside of the field of translation. Nord (1991:158-160) describes this as being a text-specific problem, which is one of the four translation problems, as the source was written by a specialist. Although the fact that area of specialization in the source text is translation, but the fact that it is a technical text (1991:158-160) does still prove to be a problem. In terms of this translation, I sought the cooperation of a post graduate student from the University of Warwick who possessed an excellent knowledge of classical Chinese prose. He was able to help with difficulties in terminology and provide an evaluated opinion on the translated version of certain terms. Omission Omission is a strategy that is employed in instances when information is redundant and is non-beneficial to the function of the translation or the target reader. All forms of information must be able to make sense in the culture in which they exist. For example, the footnotes in the source text give reference to several Chinese authors and their work, all of which is in Chinese. I do not believe that supplying a translated version of these footnotes will provide any real support to the purpose of the text. Therefore, I have omitted all four of the footnotes which were present in the original. It is appreciated that some people believe the footnotes should be preserved in the translation and further explanatory information should accompany them. Despite this the decision to omit was made as the information was simply not significant enough to the target reader. Addition It is natural that the background knowledge of the source text audience and the target text audience may differ.   This means that the translator at times must employ strategies to either omit redundant or irrelevant information and also provide more information to supplement the the text in order to counteract the in balance in background knowledge, and in turn enable the target text reader to comprehend. There are a number instances in which historical and culture points are referred to within the source text.   These points are crucial in the explanation of Wongs standpoint and the understanding of Yan Fus theory.   By providing supplementary information regarding those theoretical terms, historical and cultural references in the translation it ensures the English readers are able to understand.   In particular with the terms xin, da and ya which are used throughout the text.   It is very important to add supplementary explanations.   If these items are not made clear in the initial stages of the translation then they will lead to the reader being distracted which is detrimental to the development of the text. Literal translation Literal translation involves following closely the structure, form and lexical meanings of the source text. It is based converting text constructions into their target text equivalents. By translating each lexical word means they are often out of context in target text form. It allows for accuracy in the transfer of information that explains why many people have misunderstood Yan Fus ideas. The main issue with literal translation is that those implicit and contextual meanings are neglected. This could potentially be damaging to the effective transfer of information. Example Source Text: à §Ã¢â‚¬ Ã‚ ±Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ºÃ… ½Ãƒ ¥Ã…“ ¨Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¯Ã‚ ´Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ®Ã…’à ¨Ã‚ ¿Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¦Ã‚  Ã‚ ·Ãƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã‚ ¥Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ¥Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ Ãƒ ¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ã‚ ªÃƒ ¥Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ±Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¹Ã‚ ¶Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ²Ã‚ ¡Ãƒ ¦Ã…“†°Ãƒ ©Ã‚ ©Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã…  Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ºÃƒ ¨Ã‚ ¿Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ªÃƒ ¨Ã‚ ¯Ã‚ Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ®Ã… ¡Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¹Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ ¦Ã‹â€ -à ¤Ã‚ ½Ã…“à ¨Ã‚ ¯Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ §Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ £Ãƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ã…  Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à §Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬Å"à ¦Ã… ¾Ã…“à ¥Ã‚ ¼Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ Ã‚ ¥Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ºÃ¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ °Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃƒ ¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ §Ã…’Å“Ã ¥Ã‚ Ã…  Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¹Ã‚ ±Ãƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ Target Text: Due to the fact that Yan Fu himself did neither define nor explain in detail these three characters immediately after proclaiming them, as a result it led to much subjective speculation and confusion. In the example above a literal translation strategy has been implemented. The original forms and meanings have been preserved, or at least to some extent. In the first example, due to the fact that there is an equivalent available in the target text means the translation is straightforward. However, in the second example, to simply render the text in accordance with the source text would result in unnaturalness. As a result the it has been altered to conform with the target text norms. As there is an evident inter-lingual difference between Chinese and English, there are instances in which it is not possible to translate literary. An attempt at literal translation will result in unnaturalness in the target language text. In my translation a number of pragmatic strategies have been employed, all of which promote naturalness and readability in the target text. Admittedly, accuracy may be sacrificed in order to ensure the target text audience are able understand and fully engage with the target text. There are a few examples below; Example 1.01 Source Text: à ¥Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ²Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ £Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ³Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Literal Translation: Carving up technique Target Text: Misrepresentation Potential Alternative: Quote of context; garble his statement Example 1.02 Source Text: GAP Literal Translation: Eliminate Target Text: Clear up In the two examples above illustrates a certain loss in meaning. The source text expresses more strongly in a way that becomes unnatural in the target text. In the target text example 1.01 it shows a two version of translation. The translator had to decide not to use the potential alternative because to a certain extent it seemed too toned down and neutral to truly represent the source text. The translator opted to use misrepresentation as it is able to represent at least to some extent the strong connotation of the original. It is inevitable that strong connotation in the original is to be sacrificed in order to achieve naturalness in the target text. The next example (1.02) is a connotation similar to the previous example, but it was not possible to find an equivalent that possessed the same strong connotation as in the target text. The translator is left with no choice but sacrifice the connotation for a weaker, more natural target text equivalent. This kind of adaptation guarante es naturalness. Example 1.03 Source Text: à ©Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ §Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¦Ã‹â€ Ã‚  Literal Translation: Following a logical chain of thought Target Text: Reasonably Potential Alternative: Naturally Example 1.04 Source Text: à §Ã‚ ¼Ã‹Å"à ¦Ã…“ ¨Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ±Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ ©Ã‚ ±Ã‚ ¼ Literal Translation: climbing a tree to seek a fish. Target Text: Fruitless approach Potential Alternative: climbing a tree to seek a fish (a fruitless approach) Although the two examples above (1.03 and 1.04) both can be translated literally, however, they seem to be too long-winded. The translation must conform to the norms of the target language. It is important to avoid any unnecessary unnaturalness that may be detrimental to the development of the target text. As the authors intention is to defend Yan Fus theory, it is crucial that messages and meanings are transferred into the target text effectively. Example 1.05 illustrates an example where a target version that strongly represents the meaning of the source is rejected due to its length and unnaturalness. Source Text: à ¤Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ®Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¾Ã… ¾Ãƒ §Ã‚ «Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¯Ã… ¡ Rejected translation: The use of certain methods specifically in accordance with the subject of the literary piece allows for enhanced cultural expression, faithfully expressing the real ideas and emotions of the original Target Text: An authors writing allows for enhanced expression that should sincerely reflect his thoughts and emotions In-text reference As the name suggests, it is the providing of extra information within the text itself. It is a strategy used to explain a term that is alien to the readership such as Kuomintang (Chinese Nationalist Party) or simply assist them in comprehending the text. In the translation this strategy was not used often as it confuses the reader, especially in theoretical based text. Syntactical Convention The syntactic structure of Chinese and English are different. In terms of this translation, this means that alterations to the sequencing elements of the source text so that it reads naturally in the target language. An example of the changes that need to be made is shown below; Source Text: à ¥Ã‚ ®Ã… ¾Ãƒ ¥Ã‹â€ Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ §Ã‚ ²Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ §Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¾Ã‚ ®Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¨Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à §Ã¢â‚¬ Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ±Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¥Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ­-à ¦Ã‚ ³Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã‚ ¥Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ³Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¥Ã‹â€ Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ºÃƒ ¨Ã‚ ¾Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ ¦Ã‹Å"â€Å" ¼Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃƒ §Ã¢â‚¬ Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¿Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸-à ¥Ã‹â€ Ã‚ ©Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¿-à ¦-†¡Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ­- ¼Ã…’à ¥Ã‹â€ Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ±Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¾Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ ©Ã… ¡Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ Literal Transaltion: The fact is that with original texts which contain abstruse contents and are written in the terse and allusive language, to use the lexicon and sentence structure of pre-Han Dynasty proves better in expressing the original texts. Target Text: The fact is that the lexicon and sentence structures of pre-Han Dynasty prose prove to better express original texts which contain abstruse contents and are written in the terse and allusive language. The underlined part of each example highlights the change in structure. The text must function as an informative or educative and present an argument, in order to achieve this, the above adaptation has been made to emphasize readability. The next example below demonstrates the problems with complex sentence structures. To allow the reader to understand the target text modification is inevitable. Source Text: à ¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ã‚ ªÃƒ §Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¶Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ¥Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¦Ã‚ Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ±Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ §Ã¢â‚¬ Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ±Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¥Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ­-à ¦Ã‚ ³Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¥Ã‚ Ã‚ ¥Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ³Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ Ã‚ ¥Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ½Ã…“à §Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ »Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¯Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚ ¼Ã…’à ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â‚¬ Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ®Ã‚ ¤Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ºÃƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¥Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã… ¡Ãƒ ¥Ã‹â€ Ã‚ °Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¾Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ ¦Ã‹Å"â€Å"à §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã‹â€ Ãƒ ¦Ã… ¾Ã…“ ¼Ã…’à ¤Ã‚ »Ã…  Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ©Ãƒ §Ã…“†¹Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ Ã‚ ¥Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¾Ã‹â€ Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯Ãƒ ¦Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ®Ã‚ ®Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¤Ã‚ ½Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¦Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ ¦Ã… ¾Ã…“à ¦Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃƒ ¤Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¨Ã†â€™Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ »Ã… ½Ãƒ ¥Ã… ½Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã‚ ²Ãƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ¨Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¦Ãƒ ¥Ã… ½Ã‚ »Ãƒ §Ã…“†¹Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¿Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ªÃƒ ©- ®Ãƒ ©Ã‚ ¢Ã‹Å" ¼Ã…’à ¤Ã‚ ¾Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¼Ã… ¡Ãƒ ¨Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¾-à ¦Ã…“†°Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ »Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¹Ã‹â€ Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¦Ã‚ ¥Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¹Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ºÃ¢â‚¬  Ãƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ Literal Translation: Naturally, Yan Fus demands of using lexicon and sentence structure of pre-Han Dynasty prose in carrying out translation, furthermore the belief that it can achieve da, today it seems unthinkable, but if we look at this problem from a historical point of view then we wouldnt feel that there was any inappropriateness at all. Target Text: Naturally, today when we look back on Yan Fus belief of using lexicon and sentence structure of pre-Han Dynasty prose to achieving da, it seems to be unimaginable. However, if we look at this problem from a historical point of view then we wouldnt feel that there was any inappropriateness at all. The lengthy sentence in the example above has not only been divided into two separate units or sentences, but also the order of the units have been rearranged for it to make sense. Elsewhere, in Chinese the subjects are often unexpressed and the object can also occasionally be omitted. In particular, these instances occur more frequently in classical Chinese. It is left to the reader to determine the subject and object in any given sentence which can prove ambiguous. When rendering the text it is important the object or subject is inserted into the translated text to allow the reader to understand. This is shown in example 1.07 where the object is inserted in square brackets to ensure the reader is not confused. The channels that communicate the message of the original should be kept clear and concise. Alterations The source does not only contain a number of paragraphs from Yan Fus original translation preface, the author also quotes on a number of occasions throughout his text. This means the task of translation becomes extremely difficult because the context changes slightly. The initial issue is that it is was not possible to translate the sections of classical Chinese literally, furthermore, as it was very important to make clear the original meanings in these sections as Wong bases his essay on them, the translation strategy adopted was loyal to the meanings and had to presented be clear, concise and natural in the target language. It is for this reason that literal translation was not possible. However, the problem arose when these translations had to fit into Wongs main texts that were written in mainly in modern Chinese. Example 1.05 demonstrates that in the original classical Chinese it does contain the word meaning, but it is left out because it is not necessary in the context of the whole passage. As Wong quotes this line in a separate instance the meaning is then required. In this instance the translator must use an in-text reference and not change the structure of the quotation in order to remain consistent. If a translation shows inconsistency then the reader will be confused. Example 1.05 Source Text: à ¦Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¹Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ ¥Ã‹â€ Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Ãƒ ¦Ã…“ ¬Ãƒ ¦-†¡ Translated Passage of Classical Chinese: provided that the translation does not contradict of the original Quotation from the Passage in Main Text: provided that the translation does not contradict [the meaning] of the original) Footnotes Footnotes are used to provide additional information that is necessary to further explain certain terms or concepts in the text. They are usually employed when the supplementary information needed is too long to provide a parenthetical reference. It must be noted that footnotes should be used minimally to avoid distracting the reader in a way which will negatively influence the development of the text. As Baker states, unnecessary addition of information will only lower the readability of the text (1992:40). This translation uses footnotes to enable the reader to understand the source text. In other words they ensure the reader maintains connected with the text. For example to present an alien term without giving a supplementary explanation to the reader leads them to be unable to maintain their connection with the text. In this text there are instances when footnotes are employed to make the target text clearer in areas in which the author of the source text has failed, example on p age XX of the translation the translator uses footnotes to explain the term expression of intention which is one of the main elements of Yan Fus theory. The original author has not made much effort to make the chunks of classical Chinese prose more comprehendible to someone who does not understand this form of ancient Chinese. By doing this the author expresses that he wishes his text to function only among a very niche audience, I mean Wong could have provided a modern Chinese version of those sections. In the translation, the use of clear, plain English eradicates this potential restriction on its audience. The translated text intends to be accessible to all those who have interest in or understanding of the theoretical content of the original. Therefore, in a way the translation extends the influence of the original. In addition footnotes are used to counteract the lack of shared background knowledge between the source and target audience. The strategy shown below is an example of contextual amplification in which items, which source readers take for granted and that target readers do not understand, are explained. Example 1 On Page XX an explanation of the Tong

Overview of the Sport Softball Essay -- essays research papers

George Hancock's first intention was to come up with a way for baseball players to stay in practice during the winter. Instead, on September 16, 1887 in Chicago, he invented a whole new sport, the first version of softball. It was referred to then as just "Indoor Baseball." The first game of baseball consisted of a boxing glove tied into a ball and a broom handle which was used as the bat. After the game was successful with a score of 44-40, Hancock developed a ball and a bat that could be used to play the game. The new sport was moved outside the next year. Another version of softball came about when Lewis Rober, Sr. organized an outdoor game to be used as exercise for firefighters. It was called kitten ball, pumpkin ball, or diamond ball. His game used a ball with a circumference of 12 inches whereas Hancock's game used a ball with a circumference of 16 inches. When sports that were fairly the same were being played all over with different rules and names, the Joint Rules Committee on Softball was formed and standardized the rules and the name, "Softball." The rules of softball can be easily altered yet there are some basic rules no matter how it is played. It is a strike if a legally pitched ball is swung at and missed by a batter or when a foul ball is not caught when the batter has less than two strikes. A ball is called when a legally pitched ball does not enter the strike zone or hits the ground before reaching the home plate, but only if the batter had not attempted to swing. A ball is also called when the pitch is illegal. The batter must always run when a fair ball is hit. If a fair ball or foul ball is caught by an opponent before it hits the ground, the batter is out. When four b... ..., fair ball, is a batted ball is hit into fair territory. Fair territory is the part of the playing field within and including first base and third base foul lines from home base to the bottom of the playing field. A foul ball is a ball that is hit into foul territory. A dead ball is a ball that is not in play. Any ball that is hit into the air is called a fly ball. The strike zone is the space over the home-plate, which is between the batter's armpits and the top of the knees when the batter is in batting position. An overthrow is a play in which a ball is thrown from one fielder to another to try to retire a base-runner who hasn't gotten to or is off a base. The team in the field is called the defensive team. The team at bat is called the offensive team. The batting order is the official listing of offensive players in the order to go up to bat.

Poetic form meter Essay

Exploring how Allen Curnow portrays the search for inspiration in Continuum In the poem ‘Continuum’ by Allen Curnow, he tells us about his lack of inspiration. The theme of the poem revolves around poetic inspiration, and how he is unable to get inspiration. Allen Curnow uses a variety of stylistic devices to portray this. The title, â€Å"Continuum†, shows us that the problem Allen Curnow talks about, his lack of inspiration, is never ending and is continuing all the time, i.e., it is continuous. The first stanza signifies the first stage of poetic inspiration and also shows us Curnow’s unstable thoughts; â€Å"the roof falls behind†, as he is unable to compose poetry he is in a sense, rolling and falling all over the place so to speak. In the first line, the word â€Å"moon† is used as an image: a symbol for Curnow. As the moon is unable to shine on its own (it has to draw its light and energy from the sun), just like that Curnow depends on his writing to keep him going in life. The first stanza also tells the reader about the setting and time of the poem which is at night. The moon also evokes images of loneliness and a solitary state in that it is the only bright object in the night sky just like Curnow is the only (and therefore lonely) person awake at night. The poem has no definite rhyme scheme, suggesting to us that the poet is finding it difficult to express his thoughts, and he cannot tap into the world of imagination. The last line of the first stanza; â€Å"I am talking about myself.† Is a clear statement of his frustration and his inability to write. In the next stanza, Curnow is seeking connection with nature to find poetic inspiration. The line, â€Å"It’s not possible to get off to sleep†, tells the reader that the poet is unable to sleep which shows that something is troubling him. He tries to convey that it’s as tough to get rid of his thoughts as it is to get rid off the planet. Curnow goes out â€Å"barefoot†, to rid himself of the human material and wants to connect with nature†¦.

Relationship between russian and the european union

Russia stretches over a vast expanse of Europe and Asia with an area of 17,075,200 square kilometres making it the largest country in the world in terms of land mass. This country   shares land borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia and North Korea.Since the termination of the USSR in December 1991, Russia has become an influential member of the Commonwealth of Independent States. Russia's worldwide role decreased greatly compared to that of the former Soviet Union.Russia is an essential partner in terms of engaging and building a strategic partnership with.   The 2003 European Security Strategy has rightly placed this country as a key player on geo-political and security issues at global and regional levels.Russia plays an important role in the UN Security Council and has significant influence in the European neighbourhood and in Central Asia. It must likewise be noted that Russia is a major supplier of energy products to the EU.It may be considered to have a small market but Russia is a large market for EU goods and services, with considerable potential for growth. And if that's not good news yet, listen to this: Russia is a key ally in EU efforts in its fight against new threats to security, including terrorism, pollution, crime, illegal migration and trafficking.Russia and the European UnionThe European Union’s primary objective is to enlist Russia to build a genuine strategic partnership, founded on common interests and shared values to which both sides are committed in the relevant international organisations such as the UN, Council of Europe, and OSCE, as well as with each other in the bilateral Partnership and Cooperation Agreement (PCA). As Ivanov mentioned these interests and values involved democracy, the rule of law, human rights and market economy principles (2000, pp. 33).Shishaev says that the EU and Russia are already cooperating on various i ssues which include modernisation of Russia’s economy and its consolidation into the world economy, security and international issues (1999, p. 42).Shishaev further explains that â€Å"EU relations with Russia is guided on a large spectrum of particular EU policies, including external policies like the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) and trade policy; the external aspects of general EU policies such as on energy, transport, environment, etc.; the external dimension of freedom/security/justice activities; and the principles retained for development cooperation and assistance† (1999, p. 42).Likhachev reported that the common ground for EU relations with Russia is the PCA which came into force on December 1, 1997 for an initial duration of 10 years. This agreement shall extend beyond 2007 on a yearly basis.PCA sets the main objectives, establishes the institutional framework for bilateral contacts, and calls for activities and dialogue in a number of areas. The conditions of the PCA embrace a wide range of policy areas including political dialogue; trade in goods and services; business and investment; financial and legislative cooperation; science and technology; education and training; energy, nuclear and space cooperation; environment, transport; culture; and cooperation on the prevention of illegal activities. Rules of procedure for the dispute settlement provisions of the PCA were adopted in April 2004 (2000, pp. 20-24).The EU laid down its basic approach to relations with Russia in a â€Å"Common Strategy† in 1999 which was not extended beyond June 2004. An in February 2004, the Commission adopted a Communication which adopted measures to improve the effectiveness of EU-Russia relations, specifically in the wake of increased mutual dependence, the forthcoming enlargement, and the unresolved conflicts in some countries bordering Russia.The current institutional framework for relations with Russia as mentioned   above, is expec ted to change under the provisions of the new agreement with the view to creating a more concise and streamlined approach.During the Summit held in May 2003, the EU and Russia mutually decided to strengthen their cooperation by coming up with so-called four ‘common spaces’ in the framework of the PCA. It was agreed to make a common economic space; a common space of freedom, security and justice; a space of co-operation in the field of external security; as well as a space of research and education, including cultural aspects.Antonenko and Pinnick (2005, pp. 35-37) pointed out the ‘the purpose of the common economic space   is to create an open and integrated market between the EU and Russia which will bring down barriers to trade and investment and promote reforms and competitiveness, based on the principles of non-discrimination, transparency and good governance'.Among the wide range of actions that were perceived are a number of new dialogues. Cooperation is b eing stepped up on regulatory policy, investment issues, competition, financial services, telecommunications, transport, energy, space activities and space launching, etc. Environment, including nuclear safety and the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol, also figures prominently.Meanwhile, Antonenko and Pinnick (2005, pp. 124 – 127) also reported that work on a common space for freedom, security and justice has made a big leap with the end of negotiations on the Visa Facilitation and the Readmission Agreements which were signed during the recent the EU-Russia Summit last May 25 in Sochi, Russia. Ratifications are being done by both the EU and Russia.Working together on fighting terrorism and other forms of transnational illegal activities such as money laundering, drugs and human trafficking will continue as well as on document security through the introduction of biometric features in a range of identification documents.Forsberg (1998, pp. 201-204) illustrated that the comm on space on external security, meanwhile, underlines the shared responsibility of the parties for an international order based on effective multilateralism, their support for the central role of the UN, and for the effectiveness of, in particular, the OSCE and the Council of Europe.Currently, there are ongoing activities to strengthen cooperation in the five priority areas identified in the Road Map which include strengthening dialogue and cooperation on the international scene; fight against terrorism; non-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (WMD); crisis management; and civil protection. Under the first priority, particular attention is given to securing stability in the regions adjacent to Russian and EU borders.Standing on the relations with Russia through its involvement in EU Research and Development activities and in particular the Framework Programme for Research and Development. The objective is to capitalise on the strength of the EU and Russian research communiti es and promote joint research activities in areas of common interest. Relationship between russian and the european union Russia stretches over a vast expanse of Europe and Asia with an area of 17,075,200 square kilometres making it the largest country in the world in terms of land mass. This country   shares land borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia and North Korea.Since the termination of the USSR in December 1991, Russia has become an influential member of the Commonwealth of Independent States. Russia's worldwide role decreased greatly compared to that of the former Soviet Union.Russia is an essential partner in terms of engaging and building a strategic partnership with.   The 2003 European Security Strategy has rightly placed this country as a key player on geo-political and security issues at global and regional levels. Russia plays an important role in the UN Security Council and has significant influence in the European neighbourhood and in Central Asia. It must likewise be noted that Russia is a major supplier of energy products to the EU.It may be considered to have a small market but Russia is a large market for EU goods and services, with considerable potential for growth. And if that's not good news yet, listen to this: Russia is a key ally in EU efforts in its fight against new threats to security, including terrorism, pollution, crime, illegal migration and trafficking.Russia and the European UnionThe European Union’s primary objective is to enlist Russia to build a genuine strategic partnership, founded on common interests and shared values to which both sides are committed in the relevant international organisations such as the UN, Council of Europe, and OSCE, as well as with each other in the bilateral Partnership and Cooperation Agreement (PCA).As Ivanov mentioned these interests and values involved democracy, the rule of law, human rights and market economy principles (2000, pp. 33).Shishaev says that the EU and Russia are already cooperating on various i ssues which include modernisation of Russia’s economy and its consolidation into the world economy, security and international issues (1999, p. 42).Shishaev further explains that â€Å"EU relations with Russia is guided on a large spectrum of particular EU policies, including external policies like the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) and trade policy; the external aspects of general EU policies such as on energy, transport, environment, etc.; the external dimension of freedom/security/justice activities; and the principles retained for development cooperation and assistance† (1999, p. 42).Likhachev reported that the common ground for EU relations with Russia is the PCA which came into force on December 1, 1997 for an initial duration of 10 years. This agreement shall extend beyond 2007 on a yearly basis. PCA sets the main objectives, establishes the institutional framework for bilateral contacts, and calls for activities and dialogue in a number of areas.The conditions of the PCA embrace a wide range of policy areas including political dialogue; trade in goods and services; business and investment; financial and legislative cooperation; science and technology; education and training; energy, nuclear and space cooperation; environment, transport; culture; and cooperation on the prevention of illegal activities. Rules of procedure for the dispute settlement provisions of the PCA were adopted in April 2004 (2000, pp. 20-24).The EU laid down its basic approach to relations with Russia in a â€Å"Common Strategy† in 1999 which was not extended beyond June 2004. An in February 2004, the Commission adopted a Communication which adopted measures to improve the effectiveness of EU-Russia relations, specifically in the wake of increased mutual dependence, the forthcoming enlargement, and the unresolved conflicts in some countries bordering Russia.The current institutional framework for relations with Russia as mentioned   above, is expec ted to change under the provisions of the new agreement with the view to creating a more concise and streamlined approach.During the Summit held in May 2003, the EU and Russia mutually decided to strengthen their cooperation by coming up with so-called four ‘common spaces’ in the framework of the PCA. It was agreed to make a common economic space; a common space of freedom, security and justice; a space of co-operation in the field of external security; as well as a space of research and education, including cultural aspects.Antonenko and Pinnick (2005, pp. 35-37) pointed out the ‘the purpose of the common economic space   is to create an open and integrated market between the EU and Russia which will bring down barriers to trade and investment and promote reforms and competitiveness, based on the principles of non-discrimination, transparency and good governance'.Among the wide range of actions that were perceived are a number of new dialogues. Cooperation is b eing stepped up on regulatory policy, investment issues, competition, financial services, telecommunications, transport, energy, space activities and space launching, etc. Environment, including nuclear safety and the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol, also figures prominently.

5 Ways to Work Your Way Around the Weak With

5 Ways to Work Your Way Around the Weak With 5 Ways to Work Your Way Around the Weak â€Å"With† 5 Ways to Work Your Way Around the Weak â€Å"With† By Mark Nichol The preposition with is one of the workhorses of the English language, performing multiple functions, but it’s not a very powerful beast of burden. Writers often put it to work at the wrong task, employing it to link one phrase or another when a stronger word or phrase, or a form of punctuation, is much more structurally sound. Here are five examples of sentences better expressed without with: 1. â€Å"Requirements concerning the marital status of adopting couples are not uniform, with a stable relationship being required in most cases.† Omit with, split the sentence into two, and add, to signal contrast, the conjunction however: â€Å"Requirements concerning the marital status of adopting couples are not uniform. A stable relationship, however, is required in most cases. 2. â€Å"Governance by committee is the norm, with 67 percent of large companies having committees of senior business leaders that oversee and prioritize information-technology investments.† If what follows with is a definition or expansion, use a colon in its place: â€Å"Governance by committee is the norm: 67 percent of large companies have committees of senior business leaders that oversee and prioritize information-technology investments.† 3. â€Å"The debate largely focused on the wisdom of the Iraq invasion with Kerry attacking Bush’s decisions and Bush accusing Kerry of shifting views.† As is, this sentence is clumsily breathless, but rather than simply inserting a missing comma after invasion, try a semicolon instead and delete with: â€Å"The debate largely focused on the wisdom of the Iraq invasion; Kerry attacked Bush’s decisions, and Bush accused Kerry of shifting views.† 4. â€Å"Each year, more than 1 million children are poisoned in their own homes, with thousands receiving permanent or chronic injuries.† Make the sentence a simple compound by replacing with with and, and alter the following subject and verb as necessary: â€Å"Each year, more than 1 million children are poisoned in their own homes, and thousands of them receive permanent or chronic injuries.† 5. â€Å"Most Fortune 500 companies have hundreds of incidents per year, with only a small percentage of those incidents resulting in significant financial loss.† Select, in place of with, another conjunction that is appropriate for the context, and change the form of the subsequent verb: â€Å"Most Fortune 500 companies have hundreds of incidents per year, although only a small percentage of those incidents result in significant financial loss.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:100 Words for Facial ExpressionsLoan, Lend, Loaned, Lent50 Synonyms for â€Å"Villain†

Conjugation of the Spanish Verb Saber

Conjugation of the Spanish Verb Saber Saber, a common Spanish verb usually meaning to know in the sense of having knowledge, is highly irregular. Both the stem and the endings can take unexpected forms. Saber should not be confused with conocer, which also means to know, but in the sense of being familiar with a person. Conocer also is conjugated irregularly Irregular forms are shown below in boldface. Pronouns are shown for convenience and clarity; they often are omitted in everyday speech and writing. Infinitive of Saber saber (to know) Gerund of Saber sabiendo (knowing) Participle of Saber sabido (known) Present indicative of Saber sà © (I know), tà º sabes (you know), usted/à ©l/ella sabe (you know, he/she knows), nosotros/as sabemos (we know), vosotros/as sabà ©is (you know), ustedes/ellos/ellas saben (you/they know) Preterite Indicative of Saber yo supe (I knew), tà º supiste (you knew), usted/à ©l/ella supo (you, he/she knew), nosotros/as supimos (we knew), vosotros/as supisteis (you knew), ustedes/ellos/ellas supieron (they knew) Imperfect Indicative of Saber yo sabà ­a (I knew), tà º sabà ­as (you knew), usted/à ©l/ella sabà ­a (you/he/she knew), nosotros/as sabà ­amos (we knew), vosotros/as sabà ­ais (you knew), ustedes/ellos/ellas sabà ­an (you/they knew) Future Indicative of Saber yo sabrà © (I will know), tà º sabrs (you will know), usted/à ©l/ella sabr (you/he/she will know), nosotros/as sabremos (we will know), vosotros/as sabrà ©is (you will know), ustedes/ellos/ellas sabrn (they will know) Conditional of Saber yo sabrà ­a (I would know), tà º sabrà ­as (you would know), usted/à ©l/ella sabrà ­a (you/he/she would know), nosotros/as sabrà ­amos (we would know), vosotros/as sabrà ­ais (you would know), ustedes/ellos/ellas sabrà ­an (you/they would know) Present Subjunctive of Saber que yo sepa (that I know), que tà º sepas (that you know), que usted/à ©l/ella sepa (that you/he/she know), que nosotros/as sepamos (that we know), que vosotros/as sepis (that you know), que ustedes/ellos/ellas sepan (that you/they know) Imperfect Subjunctive of Saber que yo supiera/supiese (that I knew), que tà º supieras/supieses (that you knew), que usted/à ©l/ella supiera/supiese (that you/he/she knew), que nosotros/as supià ©ramos/supià ©semos (that we knew), que vosotros/as supierais/supieseis (that you knew), que ustedes/ellos/ellas supieran/supiesen (that you/they knew) Imperative of Saber sabe tà º (know), no sepas tà º (dont know), sepa usted (know), sepamos nosotros/as (let us know), sabed vosotros/as (know), no sepis vosotros/as (dont know), sepan ustedes (know) Present Perfect Indicative of Saber yo he sabido, tà º has sabido, usted/à ©l/ella ha sabido, nosotros/as hemos sabido, vosotros habà ©is sabido, ustedes/ellos/ellas han sabido (I have known, you have known, she has known, etc.) Pluperfect (Past Perfect Indicative of Saber) yo habà ­a sabido, tà º habà ­a sabido, usted/à ©l/ella habà ­a sabido, nosotros/as habà ­amos sabido, vosotros habà ­ais sabido, ustedes/ellos/ellas habà ­an sabido (that I had known, that you had known, that he had known, etc.) Future Perfect Indicative of Saber yo habrà © sabido, tà º habrs sabido, usted/à ©l/ella habr sabido, nosotros/as habremos sabido, vosotros habrà ©is sabido, ustedes/ellos/ellas habrn sabido (I will have known, you will have known, she will have known, etc.) Present Perfect Subjunctive of Saber yo haya sabido, tà º hayas sabido, usted/à ©l/ella haya sabido, nosotros/as hayamos sabido, vosotros hayis sabido, ustedes/ellos/ellas hayan sabido (that I have known, that you have known, that he has known, etc.) Past Perfect Subjunctive of Saber yo hubiera/hubiese sabido, tà º hubieras/hubieses sabido, usted/à ©l/ella hubiera/hubieses sabido, nosotros/as hubià ©ramos/hubià ©semos sabido, vosotros hubierais/hubieseis sabido, ustedes/ellos/ellas hubieran/hubiesen sabido (that I had known, that you had known, that she had known, etc.) Conditional Perfect of Saber yo habrà ­a sabido, tà º habrà ­as sabido, usted/à ©l/ella habrà ­a sabido, nosotros/as habrà ­amos sabido, vosotros habrà ­ais sabido, ustedes/ellos/ellas habrà ­an sabido (I would have known, you would have known, he would have known, etc.) Progressive Tenses of Saber The many  progressive  tenses use the appropriate form  estar  followed by the  gerund,  sabiendo. It is not common, however, to use saber in a progressive form. Sample Sentences Using Forms of Saber Quiero saber lo que piensas. (I want to know what youre thinking. Infinitive.) No sà © que hacer. (I dont know what to do. Present tense.)  ¿Cuntos aà ±os tenà ­as cuando supiste la siguiente informacià ³n? (How old were you when you learned the following information? Note that in the preterite tense, which is used here, conocer often means to learn or to come to know.) Estbamos sorprendidos porque no sabà ­amos lo que habà ­a pasado. (We were surprised because we didnt know what had happened.) Hemos sabido por mucho tiempo que el ser humano posee el poder transformar la Tierra en formas a la vez terribles y majestuosas. (We have known for a long time that the human being has the power to transform the Earth in ways both terrible and majestic at the same time. Present perfect.) Sin muchos consejos, no sabrà ­amos lo que debemos estudiar. (Without a lot of advice, we wouldnt know what we should study.) Cuando veas las fotos, sabrs la verdad. (When you see the photos, you will know the truth. Future.) No me importa que Roxana sepa que soy su benefactor. (It doesnt matter that Roxana knows Im her benefactor. Present subjunctive.) Podrà ­a estar roto por semanas y no lo habrà ­an sabido. (It could be broken for weeks and they would not have known. Conditional perfect.)

Assess The Importance Of The Political And

Military Considerations That Led The Ussr Towards The Invasion Of Czechoslovakia In August 1968. Essay, Research Paper The Novotny government in Czechoslovakia fell in December 1968 due to miss of economic reforms unsolved political jobs of the Slovak portion of the state, and Novotny s failure to cover with turning clash between the government and the state s intellectuals and pupils. Dubcek was appointed the new president, nevertheless during the Prague Spring, the reforms that were brought in by the new leading began to present many jobs. Although, harmonizing to several beginnings, Moscow felt it necessary to present some economical reform in Czechoslovakia, one of the most faithful Warsaw Alliess, the extent to which the Spring went proved excessively far for the Orthodox leaders of the Soviet Union. After seeking to set force per unit area on Dubcek to do him hold back the reforms, USSR came to the concluding determination # 8211 ; invasion. On August 21st Czechoslovakia was invaded by the Warsaw Pact troops. This essay looks at the state of affairs that developed in Czechoslovakia during the memorable Spring of 1968, and focuses on the factors that eventually pushed USSR towards occupying one of its Alliess. Behind the invasion were sets of considerations, political every bit good as military. I will measure the importance of these considerations in the essay. When in the winter of 1967 Novotny invited Brezhnev to assist him against resistance within Czechoslovakia, Brezhnev washed his custodies off the matter, stating: It s your concern. The relaxed attitude at this phase suggests that Moscow felt it was clip to present some reforms in Czechoslovakia in order to overhaul the state where, under Novotny the economic system had atrophied and the morale had sunk. A few yearss after Brezhnev s visit the rebellion against Novotny s government came into the unfastened at a Czech Central Committee plenum. Shortly thenceforth, at the plenum of January 3-5, 1968, Alexander Dubcek replaced Novotny as party secretary. It is interesting to look at the inquiry of new leading in Czechoslovakia, to what extent did USSR support it? Alexander Dubcek was an vague forty-six-year-old Slovak party official, brought up and educated in USSR. Harmonizing to P.J. Mooney Dubcek s lineage was faultless. Moscow was happy with Dubcek s assignment, even though his aspiration to regenerate the party was known, Brezhnev sent his praises. It seems instead dry that Moscow supported the new government, nevertheless yet there was no grounds that Dubcek was be aftering to liberalise the Czechoslovak political system every bit much as he did. Dubcek was seen as a loyal party member, and the communiqu that followed the meeting of Brezhnev and Dubcek in Moscow in the terminal of January 1968 radius of the full individuality of positions on all inquiries discussed. In my sentiment at this point non even Dubcek imagined where the reforms would take and how rapidly the state of affairs would develop. The new leading had to confront multiple jobs, it had to fulfill the demands of the intellectuals, pupils and other progressive groups within Czechoslovakia, while at the same clip guarantee the Soviet Union of trueness and show consciousness of the extent to which the reforms will travel. Dubcek fell between two stools. He sought to happen balance, sing the internal state of affairs he promised there would be no return to administrative methods of regulating. At the same clip he tried to reassure those who concerned about the weakening of rules of socialism by stating them the new government would non travel excessively far. On the 23rd of March the Soviet concern at the tendency of events was expressed to Dubcek and his co-workers at the Dresden conference. This was an exigency meeting of the Warsaw Pact members ( excepting Rumania ) , as the Alliess felt the menace of Czechoslovak reforms to the common policies of the Warsaw axis. One of the factors that particularly alarmed USSR was that Dubcek hinted at more Czechoslovak independency in foreign personal businesss, which meant that Prague would seek better dealingss with West Germany. USSR besides expressed concern over the undermentioned developments: the call for alteration of censoring, an addition in the function of Parliament ; talk of a socialist market economic system and a greater inner-party democracy. Brezhnev saw all these developments as playing into the custodies of the West, and possibly even suspected some Western engagement in the Czechoslovak personal businesss. This was a major political concern, as Western influence could sabotage the ideological integrity of the orbiter states. As Brezhnev put it: Imperialism has attempted to weaken the ideological-political integrity of the working people in socialist states # 8230 ; The communiqu of the Dresden Conference stressed the danger of militaristic and Neo-Nazi activity in West Germany and the demand to transport out practical steps in immediate hereafter to consolidate the Warsaw Treaty and its armed forces. Besides came a clearly expressed warning to Czechoslovakia, the conference members stated that it was expected of the new Czechoslovak leading to see farther advancement of socialist building. Dubcek was besides advised to seek fiscal assistance from the Warsaw Pact Alliess, instead than developing economic dealingss with West Germany. Dubcek had received the first warning from the Soviet Union. Nevertheless he continued to advance freedom of address and radius of the demand to do the party the retainer and non the maestro of the people. Argument widened and one issue led to another as the political onion was unpeeled bed by bed # 8230 ; Novotny was replaced by Svoboda on March 29th a new president who supported Dubcek. Another warning came from Moscow, this clip non merely from Brezhnev, but besides from the Soviet Deputy Foreign Minister Semyonov, who stated that unless Dubcek and Svoboda maintain, order Russian military personnels would step in. On 31st March of Soviet Minister Marshall Grechko, who empowered 35 000 military personnels in the state to enforce soldierly jurisprudence if necessary, arrived at the Red Army central office in Czechoslovakia, underscoring this menace. Harmonizing to J. Steele in March Brezhnev still hoped that Czechoslovakia s Communists would barricade the unsafe tendencies themselves, provided they were cognizant of the failing in their ain ranks. This position was certain to alter after the Czechoslovak Central Committee approved of the Action Program on May 5th. If the Soviet leaders did get down by trusting that detaining tactics would decide the Czech job, they obviously were disabused of this thought in early April, when the Dubcek government s new action plan was adopted. This plan, approved after a hebdomad long meeting provided new warrants of freedom of address, broader electoral Torahs, more power for parliament and authorities versus the party setup, greater range for non-Communist groups, and other economic and political reforms. It was a 60 page papers entitled: Czechoslovakia s Road to Socialism, released in a drumhead signifier on April 9th. The Action Program confirmed Moscow s frights. USSR approved of order above all things, hence the state of affairs in Czechoslovakia appeared so unsafe. It was unpredictable. Up to this minute, the Soviets maintained a cautious attitude towards Czechoslovakia, the imperativeness kept quiet about the state of affairs. The Action Program though was regarded by the Soviet leaders as a unsafe going from orthodoxy that finally might endanger the footing of party s legitimacy everyplace, the Soviet Union included. It became clear that to halt reforms, USSR would hold to take a harder base on the issue. Dubcek and his followings weren t commanding the state of affairs, at least non in the manner Kremlin felt it needed to be controlled. On April 12th for the first clip the imperativeness commented on the state of affairs. Pravda condemned right-wing surpluss that allegedly were demoing up in Prague. Already at this point, USSR felt threatened by the extent of reforms taking topographic point in Czechoslovakia, though at foremost there was a certain grade of support for the new leading, Moscow was longer certain about Dubcek s purposes and felt the demand to somehow act upon the state of affairs in Prague. The Czechs realized the demand to pacify Moscow s uncertainties, and Dubcek went to Moscow in early May. The followers was said by Josef Smirkovsky ( Chairman of the Czech parliament ) : We must understand the frights of the Soviet Union which has in the head non merely Czechoslovakia, but besides the security of the whole socialist cantonment. Even so, the Soviet companions declared [ on Dubcek s visit to Moscow ] that they do non desire and will non interfere in Czechoslovakia s internal personal businesss. Possibly Czechoslovakia was acquiring the incorrect feeling from the Soviets, nevertheless I believe that Czechoslovakia at this phase should hold started moving more carefully, Kremlin s base was obvious by mid-May. Czechoslovakia had received adequate intimations and warnings from USSR, but all was ignored. Harmonizing to P. J. Mooney: despite Czechoslovak protestations, it must hold looked to Moscow as though Czechoslovakia was traveling the manner of Hungary in 1956. Brezhnev and his co-workers did non take long to make up ones mind that they might hold to step in by force. It is non known precisely when this determination was reached, nevertheless several factors indicate there were vacillations within the Soviet party about what attack to take towards Czechoslovakia. On May 17th Kosygin ( the Soviet Prime Minister ) visited Dubcek for a ten-day work-and-cure meeting at Karlovy-Vary, while at the same time Marshall Grechko was run intoing for a six-day unit of ammunition of conversations with defence functionaries in Czechoslovakia. T.W. Wolfe believes Kosygin s surprise visit and his desire to measure the current state of affairs suggested that at least some elements of the Soviet leading were still hopeful that Dubcek could be prevailed upon to asseverate stricter party control over the reform motion, saving USSR from intercession. However P.J. Mooney has a different sentiment on this. Kosygin visited Prague to discourse the strengthening of the Warsaw Pact, or closer control over Czechoslovakia. Moscow continued following a two-track policy. Pressure was exerted on Czechoslovakia to decelerate down reforms, and at the same clip USSR was fixing for the invasion. By the terminal of May it was announced that Warsaw treaty manoeuvres would take topographic point on Czechoslovak district in June. This helped USSR to prove evidences during June and July, and became a major force per unit area tool. However reforms continued. On June 27th, National Assembly voted to get rid of censoring, one of the cardinal promises of the Action Program was now realized. Equally good as that the same twenty-four hours a pronunciamento naming for more extremist reform was published: The 2000 Words. Harmonizing to T.W. Wolfe, The 2000 Words confirmed the Soviet fright of what would go on to the imperativeness one time censoring was abolished and no longer fell under the control of the party. He besides states that June 27th can be identified as one of the major turning points in the Soviet response to Czechoslovak reforms. From the early yearss of July throughout the balance of the month, Moscow mounted a steadily intensified war of nervousnesss against the Dubcek government, against the background of military moves which implied that the Soviet Union was fixing for an armed intercession should the Czechs persist on their democratisation class. June was followed by a period known as the July Crisis. On July 11th an article by I. Aleksandrov was published in Pravda, assailing The 2000 words as grounds of activation of right wing and counterrevolutionary forces in Czechoslovakia and pulling a comparing with the state of affairs that developed in Hungary in 1956 naming for Soviet intercession. As USSR became more disquieted about the state of affairs, it was decided to show the concerns in a signifier of a written warning. Along with Bulgaria, East Germany, Hungary and Poland on 15th July a missive was written turn toing the Czechoslovak leading: we can non hold to hold hostile forces push your state off from the route of socialism and make a danger of Czechoslovakia being severed from the socialist community. The ideological evidences for intercession were prepared # 8211 ; Czechoslovakia was the concern of the whole socialist cantonment. The missive besides laid accent on Party s loss of control of mass media. The Warsaw Letter served as an unambiguous warning. It was one of USSR s concluding efforts to supercharge Czechoslovak leading into decelerating down the reforms. This was followed by a demand from Moscow for an immediate meeting of the full Soviet Politburo and the Czechoslovak Presidium. However, due to the fact that the West was going aware of the state of affairs the political considerations were going more apparent. Brezhnev couldn T afford to follow a soft policy towards a rebellious satellite state. At the clip of the Cold War USSR had to be seen as a major power with strong support of the Warsaw Pact Alliess. Besides sing the development of the Sino-Soviet relationship throughout the 1960ss and USSR s loss of influence in Albania, Kremlin had to be careful non to free more communist Alliess. Harmonizing to Edmonds USSR politically had every ground to be concerned at the consequence on the universe communist motion. Poland and Eastern Germany put the Soviet Union under force per unit area. The leaders of these states, Gomulka and Ulbricht, insisted on USSR s intervention into Czechoslovak personal businesss, as they were worried about the consequence the reforms had on their governments. It was decided to keep a meeting in Cierna on July 29th. Harmonizing to beginnings, the Czechs displayed solidarity and support for Dubcek s government. Moscow s computation that the Czech leading will check under force per unit area and ask for USSR s intercession proved to be incorrect. It was agreed that USSR would retreat the military personnels from Czechoslovakia in the close hereafter. This took topographic point in Bratislava on August 3rd. The leaders of the Warsaw Pact spouses met to back on the armistice reached in Cierna. However the diction of the Bratislava conference was woolly and the meeting resolved nil. Issues discussed were really general, hence the readings of the meeting were different for both sides. The Czechs left Bratislava experiencing they convinced the others of their trueness to the Warsaw Pact, believing their sovereignty was assured. The Bratislava declaration was a papers which the Czechs could construe as a licence to go on their reform plan. Yet USSR got a really different understanding. They hoped the Czechs would hold the reforms, puting up a pro-Russian disposal. If that failed, they would ask for Russians to decide the state of affairs by collaring Dubcek and his protagonists. Equally good as that they were trusting the party would re-gain control of the imperativeness. Though at one point it may hold seemed USSR gave in to Czechoslovakia, and the universe had witnessed another David-over-Goliath triumph, the Soviet Union was shortly to interrupt the semblance. On August 10th the proposals for revising the legislative acts of the Czechoslovak Communist party were published, excusing the rights of the minority to province its positions in public after a bulk determination had been reached. Edmonds believes that this in the eyes of Orthodox Communists was the offense of factionalism. How could this be allowed in a system where public sentiment prevailed that of an person? The political and military considerations that were supercharging Kremlin became excessively apparent. Ignoring the Cierna and Bratislava conferences, the Warsaw Pact troops invaded Czechoslovakia on the dark of August 20-21st. In my sentiment, one of the primary factors that USSR was bothered about was the fact that Czechoslovak reforms were floating out of the party s control. Harmonizing to Steele, Dubcek and his co-workers had shown neither the will, nor the finding to command the developments. USSR ever had influence and control over the Warsaw Pact states, reforms were neer allowed to travel excessively far. It was clear that the further the Czechoslovak system alterations, the harder it will be to change by reversal it, and one time re-gain control of the state of affairs. There was besides the menace that extremist groups in Czechoslovakia will seek independency from the USSR. This in bend could sabotage the Soviet repute in the whole universe. This brings us to the undermentioned factors behind the determination to occupy. USSR was put under force per unit area non merely by the strategic place vis- -vis the West, but besides the sentiments of the whole Communist cantonment. China strongly criticized USSR for deficiency of control over the state of affairs, and leaders of Poland and East Germany suggested Soviet Union s intercession, before things got out of manus and reforms spread all around the buffer provinces, the so called Domino theory. Steele believes that Moscow couldn t afford another desertion. Equally good as that the consequence on the government within Soviet Union itself was hard to foretell. Each new development in Czechoslovakia increased the trouble of keeping the line against reform at place. At the same clip, the statements against the invasion remained weak. There was the likely consequence that the invasion might convey on the other communist parties in the universe. China at this point was already out of the inquiry, so the lone power that could be concerned was Cuba, and Castro was excessively dependent on USSR anyhow. There were the Communist motions in the West, but none of these were strong plenty, or truly recognized. The inquiry of possible Czech opposition # 8211 ; in Hungary 1956 a batch of Russian lives were lost. Yet Czechoslovakia was different ; there was no traditional hostility towards the Russians, neither the desire to contend. Besides, after Cierna and Bratislava conferences the Russians could occupy utilizing the component of surprise. This is where military considerations come in. Sing as Warsaw Pact manoeuvres had been continuously in advancement since July, the monolithic invasion of Czechoslovakia could be conducted successfully. Finally came the concern about West s reaction. The Russians calculated that if the invasion would hold any consequence on vitamin D tente or the negotiations with US about the decrease of strategic weaponries ( which were to come near in the hereafter ) , this would be really ephemeral. Czechoslovakia remained in the Russian domain of influence. At the point US was more concerned with the war in Vietnam, and the elections that were to come that twelvemonth. Although at that place seemed to be a portion of vacillation among the Politburo members, the determination to halt the reforms by force was reached. Looking at the factors that led USSR towards the invasion, possibly this was no surprise. It seems like there wasn T truly an option, particularly taking into the history the immediate fortunes that led to it. The Soviet leading chose to fall back to repression instead than to bow to reform.

Outline of research paper Impact of the Internet on a Small Business Assignment

Outline of research paper Impact of the Internet on a Small Business - Assignment Example Poon (1997) also discussed some research findings regarding competitive advantage and the extent to which the Internet helps in achieving that advantage. The Net Imperative (2009) and other Internet sources were also used as references in making their findings enhanced the contents of this paper. The rest of the paper includes the perspectives and interpretation of the researcher based on the sources used, both offline and online. Among the major findings of the research suggest that the positive impacts outweigh those of the negative. According to Poon (1997), the Internet affects small businesses especially inter-organizational and enterprise-to-consumer because IT costs are relatively low and efficient. Furthermore, the Internet also intensifies relations with trading partners by requesting quotes or perishable stocks of goods through online auction (The Net Imperative, 1999). In addition, the Internet is also a major help in locating and purchasing resources from distant market while it lessens the costs of marketing because it lessens the overseas taxes. In other cases, off-shoring is also a positive impact of the Internet because small companies with high operating cost in their home country can venture into overseas business in countries with lower operational costs. On the contrary, the research also reported the negative impact of Internet in terms of the company’s competitive advantage over b ig industries since both engage in Internet marketing and operations, as well. Lastly, Internet security is also a negative impact since information about the company, as well as its transactions and strategies, are also available via websites and blogs. The Internet has both positive and negative impacts to small businesses. The positive impacts outweigh the negative. Therefore, the Internet is a vital tool in today’s

Symbolism in Desiree's Baby by Kate Chopin Essay

Symbolism in Desiree's Baby by Kate Chopin - Essay Example ave a child who grows to appear with a heritage as a ‘quadroon’, the happiness of their marriage is shattered and Desiree disappears into the bayou as Armand destroys the evidence of their love. In the end, a letter reveals that it is Armand who had a mother with the heritage that gave their child the appearance of a ‘quadroon’, not Desiree. The story of Desiree’s Baby written by Kate Chopin uses symbolism to show the way in which prejudice and slavery affect her characters and in order to discuss the nature of race, gender, and love in a compelling story with a surprise ending that challenges conceptions. Because there is doubt about the origins of Desiree, there is a fear by the Valmondes, the people who took her in as she was left on their doorstep, that she will have a mixed race heritage. As she is loved by them, they do not care, but they fear for her life as a wife of a rich plantation owner who has many slaves. Although he implication of this is that she will be unacceptable as a wife for Armand who claims to not care because he loves her so much. Chopin writes that â€Å"Armand Aubigny riding by and seeing her there, had fallen in love with her. That was the way all the Aubignys fell in love, as if struck by a pistol shot† (Chopin 219). When she bears him a child who appears to be of mixed race, his heart turns on her and he drives her from their home. The discussion that Chopin introduces is based upon the difficulties of identity and race as it was interpreted in the time contemporary to her writing. Armand loves her as long as he has no knowledge of her genetic history, but when he believes he has discovered that she has an ancestor that might be ‘black’, he turns on her and rejects this aspect of her identity. The imagery that Chopin evokes as he falls in love with Desiree evokes a violent and explosive idea through the â€Å"pistol shot† (Chopin 219). This is a foreboding of how the relationship will end as his powerful attraction to her

World View on Religion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

World View on Religion - Essay Example Looking back on this I am curious as to why my parents would just stop participating, which in turn meant my siblings and I stopped participating in the church. I feel that this exposure to the church early in my life planted the seeds for the morals and values I can proudly say I have today. However as the expanse of time sense we left the church grew; I slowly started questioning the church and its members more and more. Slowly growing more disenfranchised until my tipping point in 2008 while deployed on board the USS Los Angeles. My early years were shaped by my parents teaching me the difference between right and wrong and how I should face the world little steps at a time. This is where I feel that religion has played a vital role. As a Catholic the concept of good is founded upon the teachings of Jesus Christ and of course the Bible. The Gospel plays an important function in this and how ideas that I correlate with my personal ethics are influenced. In this regard the idea of h eaven has played in my mind ever since. Jesus inspires us to be good to be worthy of the Kingdom of Heaven and most of what I know about this place came from the teachings of the church and mass media’s portrayal of it. In order for any good Catholic to achieve this, one must live virtuous life. I was told to do good to others and in one proverbial Catholic maxim: when someone throws you stones, throw bread in return. Correlatively, ‘Be good to thy neighbors’ immediately comes to mind. These are just some of the things that I have carried with me from childhood and I have always thought that they shape how I live and conduct myself to others. Without knowing what ethics is or understanding what it means including all its various types, this is what I know. The Ten Commandments is a fundamental fragment of the Catholic religion which differentiates it among others. From a time of lawlessness and chaos, God has sent to Moses His commandments to the people encapsula ted in ten short sentences. When I was a child, this is the first set of laws that I came across with. My days attending Sunday school was my first taste of beginning to comprehend what following rules meant. Slowly as I grow older these rules vary and complicate and how every person deals with it differs concurrently. In retrospect I realize how basic these things are and how at the same time they are so terribly difficult for us to follow. It baffles me how something so archaic such as the Ten Commandments is relevant then to the same extent it is today without us realizing. What it contains is nothing out of the ordinary and any sensible ethical proposition has contained basically the same core ideas. ‘Honor thy God,’ ‘Do not covet thy neighbor’s wife’ and ‘Honor thy parents’ are just some of the imperative notions that finds its value beyond Catholicism. Religion is a way that helps parents in rearing their children and teaching them to be good people in the future. I think that the bible is one good parenting book to serve as guide in times of uncertainty. It defines what any parent would want their child’s perception to be. Religion, in most cases, determines how we dress, what holidays we celebrate, what books we read and sometimes what language we speak. Though it is a fundamental Constitutional right to choose one’s religion and to change it at our will, it is our parents who initially decide for us and whether or not we adapt the same up to the moment that we die, what they have instilled have become a part of us that we cannot easily erase at our every whim. It creates a sense of belongingness and knowing that you are part of something, a tradition that extends far beyond yourself. This also paves the way for interaction which is especially meaningful

Global Corporation across Global Markets and Cultures Essay

Global Corporation across Global Markets and Cultures - Essay Example ... rates with its own parent name, while in Mexico, it is known as Walmex, Asda in the United Kingdom, Seiyu in Japan, Best Price in India and other nomenclatures as it expands far and wide throughout the world. In the following, the strategic management of marketing realms within China and Mexico are discussed to gain a solid understanding of the subject at hand. Strategic Management of Marketing Operations in China China is a booming economy and this is the reason why Wal-Mart can thrive on the success that it has achieved elsewhere. The marketing operations within China can be localized to suit the needs of the Chinese citizens. From a strategic perspective, the marketing realms would be well covered if Wal-Mart knows that its procedures within China have to be in a step by step process. If these procedures are duly dealt with, there would be a sense of calmness attached with conducting Wal-Mart’s business operations in the country. The requirement therefore is to comprehend w here Wal-Mart must manifest its total basis and how well it can maneuver the Chinese population into purchasing goods and commodities from Wal-Mart rather than other retail chains, which could comprise of the global ones as well as the local players. With positive customer service coming to the assistance of Wal-Mart through the ‘sundown rule’ and the ‘ten foot rule’, one can estimate the level of clarity within the marketing operations in Chinese Wal-Mart domains (Usunier, 2009). The strategic management of the marketing operations within China cannot be achieved if Wal-Mart does not understand the cultural implications of the land and the ways and means through which Chinese people involve within the purchase cycle. Since China is a booming market, it would only be natural on the part

Gestalt and His Theory Of Psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Gestalt and His Theory Of Psychology - Essay Example The Gestalt effect refers our brain's form creating capability, especially with respect to the visual recognition of figures and whole forms instead of an assortment of lines and curves. Gestalt psychology is most developed in perception and cognition but also has great relevance in studying individual behaviour (Henle 2006). But in observing behaviour errors can crop up due to false notions and deductions when drawing conclusions on scientific data. The most distinctive feature of scientific data is the way they are gathered. For example, if psychologists want to investigate a particular issue, say, to determine the circumstances which people act to help those in distress, or the impact of variable reinforcement schedules on the behavior of lab rats, or whether children imitate aggressive behavior they see on TV, psychologists will construct situations to establish conditions from which data can be generated (Schultz p.5). They may conduct lab experiments, observe behavior under controlled real-world conditions, take surveys, or calculate the statistical correlation between two variables. In using these methods scientists can have a measure of control over the situations or events they choose to study. In turn, those events can be reconstructed or replicated by other scientists at other times and places. Thus, data can be verified later by establishing conditions similar to those of the original study and repeating observations. But much of this data is seen narrowly and not viewed as having associations to other factors. For example, in testing whether children get aggressive after watching violence on TV many researchers fail to consider other factors, such as educational level of the child or the parents' upbringing abilities, or whether the child has problems in school, or consider the fact that certain processed foods when consumed by youngsters can result in uncontrollable behavior. Most scienti fic data do not view the whole, but only the part. Gestalt theory developed by Max Wertheimer resulted from the concrete investigations in psychology, logic, and epistemology. To give a description and make a comparison, we can consider transitioning from the world of everyday events to the world of science. Something as simple as crossing the road, becomes extremely complicated when trying to explain in scientific terms as both psychology of the person and physics are involved. It may not be unusual to assume that while making this transition we shall gain a deeper and more precise understanding of the essentials. The changeover could be seen as progress. But we often find that this turns out not to be the case. Explanations can be difficult to formulate. It is the same in psychology. In this regard also, we find science focused on acquiring a systematic collection of data, yet often excluding through that very activity of acquiring information, precisely that which is most vivid and real in the living phenomena it studies. In Gestalt theory wholes exist, the behavior of which is not determined by their individual elements, but where the part-processes are themselves determined by the intrinsic nature of the whole (Boeree 2000). Gestalt theory endeavors to determine the nature of such wholes and seems particularly fitted